Category: Physiotherapy

Amjad Annethattil¹, Mirshad Ali², Ayman Sabbagh³

Coresponding Author

1Physiotherapy Specialist, Qatar Rehabilitation Institute, Qatar, E Mail: amjus2001@yahoo.co.in

Co-Authors

²Physiotherapist, Qatar Rehabilitation Institute, Qatar  ³Physiotherapy Specialist, Qatar Rehabilitation Institute, Qatar  

ABSTRACT

Background: In 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome by corona virus 2 emanated at Wuhan, China and causes Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19).This global pandemic has put our world upside down and almost unprecedented global public health and economic crisis. The main mode of transmission was contact and droplet of inhaled 2019-n Co V. This virus is transmitted through respiratory secretions with 2019- n CoV.  Large droplets from coughing, sneezing or a runny nose land on surfaces within two meters of the infected person.  Many countries have a complete lock down, which most probably prevents participation in a regular rehabilitation program in outpatient centers and/or delivery of in-home physical therapy or other face-to-face treatment by primary care healthcare professionals with COVID-19 survivors in need for rehabilitative interventions. Recent studies show that being active during adulthood decreases systematic inflammation, an underlying factor in multiple chronic diseases. The anti-inflammatory impact of daily physical activity helps in lowering C-reactive protein, total blood leukocytes interleukin-6 and other inflammatory cytokines that may play a role in decreasing certain types of cancer, type two diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, sarcopenia and dementia. Aim: Aim of this knowledge practically helps us to counteract the consequences of increased physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle during the lock-down period thereby lowering cardiovascular diseases and other commodities. Method: A literature search was done in electronic database using the key words exercise, physical activity, immunity, COVID 19 on 6th Jun 2020. Result: In a decennium, a lot of evaluation has substantiated the benefits of health related to regular physical activity. The normal functioning of the immune system is boosted with regular exercise. The anti-inflammatory influence of regular exercise is examined through various pathways; it functions as an immune system adjuvant, which improves defense reaction and metabolism.   Conclusion:  Proper physical activity helps in decreasing the need of critical care that directs us to hospital re-admission. Early mobilization and re-engagement in physical activity is important in the prevention of systemic consequences of a critical care and hospital admission. Patients should workout in proportion to their functional status. Keywords: Corona virus-2019, Respiratory syndrome, Sarcopenia, Dementia

Received on 14th September 2020, Revised on 22th October 2020, Accepted on 28th November 2020 DOI:10.36678/IJMAES.2020.V06I04.008

INTRODUCTION

Globally, millions of people are infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus, causing the corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19). A proportion of the confirmed COVID- 19 patients are admitted to the hospital for acute care, due to severe respiratory symptoms and in some cases even acute respiratory distress requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. It is very likely that a proportion of the COVID-19 patients will have a need for rehabilitative interventions during and directly after the hospitalization. This approach is also recommended by the World Health Organization. However, data on safety and efficacy of rehabilitation during and after hospitalization in these patients are lacking ¹.

Equally, healthcare professionals cannot wait for well-designed randomized controlled trials to be published before they can start these rehabilitative interventions in daily clinical practice, as the number of COVID- 19 patient’s increases rapidly every day. Experts commented that recommencing daily physical activity as early as possible may positively affect functional recovery. However, patients may vary in physical, emotional and cognitive functioning. So, further assessment needs to be performed. Moreover, the encouragement to do regular daily activities should be in line with the local regulations for physical distancing and should go along with an advice to take time for recovery and rest periods, also taking an acceptable level of perceived exertion and dyspnea and oxygen de-saturation into consideration. Many countries have a complete lock down, which most probably prevents participation in a regular physical activities and rehabilitation program in most outpatient centers and/or delivery of in-home physical therapy or other face-to-face treatment by primary care healthcare professionals with COVID-19 survivors in need for rehabilitative interventions.

Physical activity continues to take on an increasingly important role in the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases, health conditions, and their associated risk factors. It is one in all the foremost important things in improving health and reduces the danger of major illness and it depends upon overload, progression, and specificity of the exercise¹. Physical activity is defined any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that needs energy expenditure. It shouldn’t be missed with “exercise”. Exercise, could be a subcategory of physical activity that’s planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful within the sense that the development of one or more components of good condition is that the objective like walking, cycling and dancing ^{2, 3}.

 Many experts considered the measurement of exercise capacity to be very important in COVID-19 survivors, but some experts believe that this measurement should be limited to patients who remain physically limited 6-8 weeks following hospital discharge and who are tested negative at the time testing the exercise capacity. After discharge, patients with COVID-19 should be encouraged to do low/moderate intensity physical exercise at home in the first 6 to 8 weeks. Usually, these tasks range between 1.5 and 6 metabolic equivalents. Please see Ainsworth and colleagues for numerous examples ^{32, 33}.

MET:  Metabolic equivalent of task (index of energy expenditure, 1 MET = 3.5 mL/kg/min oxygen uptake). *VO2max: Combined capacities of the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems to deliver oxygen to contracting skeletal muscles, and the ability of those muscles to utilize it.

Impact of Exercise on immune system and anti-inflammation process: Molecular pathways have been examine the past period to divulge the means by which practice of workout uphold neuro-protection and decreases the risk of evolving communicable and non-communicable chronic diseases.⁴ Practicing workout has an anti-inflammatory influence mediated through multiple pathways. And it works as system adjuvant that improves defense activity and metabolic health and it has shown that increased physical activity is related to lower mortality risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cholesterol ^{4, 5}.

Evidence says repeated moderate intensity exercise improve the immune function response, as an acute exercise stimulates the interchange of innate system cells and components between lymphoid tissues and also the blood compartment. Although transient, a summation effect occurs over time, with improved immune surveillance against pathogens and cancer cells and thus decreased systemic inflammation. COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) could be a disease answerable for the continued global pandemic and its spreading everywhere the planet ^{7, 8, 9, 10}.

Recent studies have demonstrated that COVID-19 impair the system response by with rising in inflammatory cytokines including IL2, IL7, IL10, GCSF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα 9 .The local response to infections or tissue injury involves the assembly of cytokines that are released at the location of inflammation, a number of these cytokines facilitate an influx of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and other cells. The effect of exercise could also be ascribed to the anti-inflammatory response elicited by an acute bout of exercise, which is partly mediated by muscle-derived IL-6. The regular practice of moderate intensity of exercise has been extensively recommended to counteract sustained low-grade chronic inflammation within the periphery and also within the brain ¹¹.

Effect of Physical Exercise on Cardio – Respiratory system:  Workout has many health benefits and plays an important role to reduce obesity, commodities and other ailments. Physical activity helps to improve metabolic health, decrease the risk of cardiac disorder and improve overall existence.¹²The prognosis of COVID 19 depends on the function and strength of cardio respiratory system of the infected individual which therefore affect the function of total system. On the basis of data analysis COVID 19 patients have a high level protein inflammatory cytokines and this is because SARS-COV2 binds with ACE2 receptor. The cytokine profile which plays as an anti-inflammatory task is induced because of workout and marks the increase of several potent anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL10, IL-1 receptor, antagonist IL1-ra and IL-6. Cytokine IL-6 increases the anti-inflammatory effects by exercise training. The anti-inflammatory response by the activation of protein inflammatory TRL4 on the surface of monocytes which help to maintain lung functioning properly is the benefit of proper workout. Daily workout helps to increase the lung functioning and lowers the risk of respiratory disorders. It also improves the maximal oxygen uptake resulting from both central and peripheral adaptations ^{13, 14}_.

Benefits and Risk related to physical exercise: There is still little known about the course of recovery, the physical capacity and physical limitations in patients who have had an active COVID-19 infection. Therefore, we should be careful while assessing and treating these patients³². Being active has been shown by many strong evidence and national health institutes to have many health benefits, both physically and mentally and it may lead to an individual live longer with less prevalence of chronic diseases and disabilities ³³. In general, exercise does not provoke cardiovascular events in healthy individuals with normal cardiovascular systems. The probability of cardiac arrest or myocardial infarction is very less in individuals performing moderate intensity activity^{15, 25.} Patients diagnosed with occult cardiovascular disease may have the risk of cardiac arrest or myocardial infarction if they perform vigorous exercise^{18, 19, 26, 27, 28, 29}.

As a result of heavy vigorous exercise, in people having occult cardiovascular disease may result the prevalence of cardiac disease in the population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention currently recommends 30 min of moderate- to high-intensity exercise for at least 5 days a week for all healthy individuals. Physical fitness has multiple components, including cardio-respiratory fitness (endurance or aerobic power), musculoskeletal fitness, flexibility, balance, and speed of movement^. Benefits of regular physical activity and/or exercise improve in cardiovascular and respiratory function by increasing maximal oxygen uptake resulting from both central and peripheral adaptations. The ERS/ATS suggests that patients with COVID-19 should be encouraged to do low/moderate intensity physical exercise at home (rather than high intensity physical exercise) in the first 6-8 weeks after hospital discharge, if a formal exercise assessment with measures of exertional desaturation has not been conducted ^{34, 35} .

Types of physical exercises: Regular physical activity is one of the most important things people can chose to improve their health. Moving more and sitting less have generous benefits for everybody, irrespective of age, sex, race, ethnicity, or current fitness level. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indorse physical activity according to the age on the other hand the American Physical guidelines second edition says that we can stimulate health benefits by 150-minute exercise every week by doing aerobics in a minimum of two days every week and muscle strengthening exercise for all age groups. Individuals with better capacity can do vigorous aerobic exercise by 75 minutes a week ^{16, 17}.

Walking fast, doing aerobic exercises like swimming, and riding on a motorbike are examples of moderate aerobic exercise.⁶

• Examples of moderate intensity aerobic exercises are: Walking fast, doing water aerobics, riding a bike on level ground or with few hills, playing doubles tennis, Pushing a lawn mower
• Examples of vigorous intensity aerobic activity are: Jogging or running, swimming laps, riding a bike fast or on hills, playing singles tennis, Playing basketball

Disclaimer: This content is based on Guidance and Rehabilitation inside the hospital and outside, for a healthy population which has been documented to enable health professionals to make decisions in their daily clinical practice. The main goal is to homogenize care by improving upshots and enabling research. It summarizes and evaluates currently available rehab-relevant that gives indication by helping health professionals.

CONCLUSION

In a decennium, a lot of evaluation has substantiated the benefits of health related to regular physical activity. The normal functioning of the immune system is boosted with regular exercise. The anti-inflammatory influence of regular exercise is examined through various pathways; it functions as an immune system adjuvant, which improves defense reaction and metabolism.  Proper physical activity helps in decreasing the need of critical care that directs us to hospital re-admission. Early mobilization and re-engagement in physical activity is important in the prevention of systemic consequences of a critical care and hospital admission. Patients should workout in proportion to their functional status.

REFERENCES

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9. Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:1379-406.
10. Vuori I. The cardiovascular risks of physical activity. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1986; 711:205-14.
11. Gibbons LW, Cooper KH, Meyer BM, Ellison RC. The acute cardiac risk of strenuous exercise. JAMA. 1980; 244(16):1799-1801.
12. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion: protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329(23):1677-83.
13. Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T. The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise. N EnglJ Med. 1984; 311(14): 874-7.
14. Thompson PD, Funk EJ, Carleton RA, Sturner WQ. Incidence of death during jogging in Rhode Island from 1975 through 1980. JAMA. 1982; 247(18):2535-8.
15. Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H, Arntz HR, Schubert F, Schroder R. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329(23):1684-90.
16. Whang W, Manson JE, Hu FB, et al. Physical exertion, exercise, and sudden cardiac death in women. JAMA. 2006; 295(12):1399-1403.
17. Giri S, Thompson PD, Kiernan FJ, et al. Clinical and angiographic characteristics of exertion-related acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1999; 282(18):1731-6.
18. American Thoracic Society; American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 211-277.
19. . Hill K, Dolmage TE, Woon L, Coutts D, Goldstein R, Brooks D. Comparing peak and submaximal cardiorespiratory responses during field walking tests with incremental cycle ergometry in COPD. Respirology2012; 17: 278-284.
20.  Holland AE, Hill K, Alison JA, Luxton N, Mackey MG, Hill CJ, Jenkins SC. Estimating peak work rate during incremental cycle ergometry from the 6-minute walk distance: differences between reference equations. Respiration 2011; 81:124-128.
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Citation:   Amjad Annethattil, Mirshad Ali. Ayman Sabbagh (2020).  The Reality of Covid 19 Pandemic and Its Implication on Physical Activity and Exercise , ijmaes; 6 (4); 909-915.

Rohani Mamat¹, Fatimah Ahmedy² Roziah Arabi³, Noratika Jais⁴, Nurul Syakila Ismail^5, Mazlinda Musa⁶, Hamidah Hassan⁷, Siti Fatimah Saat⁸

Author

^1,7,8 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.

²Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.

^3,4,5 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia.

Corresponding Author

⁶Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Mail id: mazlinda@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT

Background: In Malaysia, the incidence is about 2145 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in 2012 with about 621 deaths (ICO, 2016). The aim of this study is to identify level of knowledge and awareness on HPV vaccination among final year nursing and medical students in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC).

Methodology: A cross sectional design study was carried out to identify the level of knowledge, level of awareness on HPV vaccination and the relationship between socio-demographic  variables with level of knowledge and level of awareness on HPV vaccination among final year nursing and medical students in UKMMC.

Result: Total 234 nursing and medical students were recruited in the present study. The results showed that most of student had high level of knowledge and awareness on HPV vaccination (85.9% and 100% respectively). For the association between socio-demographic data, findings showed that there was significant relationship between knowledge and race (p=0.006) and marital status (p=0.006) correspondingly. While, there were significant relationship between awareness and gender (p=0.001) and family history of cervical cancer (p=0.014) but had no relationship in race, economic status and marital status (p>0.05).While, there were significant relationship between the level of awareness and gender (p=0.001) and family history of cervical cancer (p=0.014).

Conclusion: In conclusion, nursing and medical students had high knowledge and awareness. Race and marital status affected the knowledge while gender and family history of cervical cancer affected the awareness.

Keywords: HPV vaccines, Students, Knowledge, Awareness, cervical cancer

Received on 8th November 2020, Revised on 22th November 2020, Accepted on 28th  November 2020 DOI:10.36678/IJMAES.2020.V06I04.007

INTRODUCTION

In worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women with incidence is approximately 445 000 new cases in 2012 with approximately 270 000 deaths (World Health Organization, 2014). In Malaysia, the incidence is about 2145 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in 2012 with about 621 deaths (ICO, 2016). Since cervical screening only detects neoplastic changes, HPV vaccination (HPVV) is the primary form of cervical cancer prevention (Armstrong, 2010). In 2010, Malaysia government announced an HPV vaccination programs for all 13-year-old girls at all school Malaysia (ICO, 2016)⁵. Healthcare professionals play an important role in providing information about HPV vaccination to society ⁸. Knowledge and awareness of the vaccination are essential for the healthcare professional to the successfulness of their role in providing such information.

However, previous studies have shown that healthcare professionals did not know or were not aware of the HPV vaccination. Nevertheless, previous studies only focused on knowledge and attitude on HPV vaccination only but there is no study on awareness variable on HPV vaccination.Little is known about the knowledge and awareness level among final year students in the medical fields. This study will provide adequate input regarding the knowledge, awareness and factor that affect the acceptance of HPV vaccination, which can help final year students be fully prepared to address these issues when they enter the real world situation in their work field. It is also help the final year students to implement awareness programmes for HPV vaccination at various levels. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are to examine the knowledge and awareness on human papilloma virus vaccination (HPPV) among final year nursing and medical students, and to determine factors associated with high level of knowledge and awareness ^{7, 10}.

METHODOLOGY

It is a cross sectional study conducted from October 2016 until July 2017 at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Among the 4th year nursing students and 5th year medical students. All students were recruited for the study accepts those who were on medical leave or refused to participate. Basic demographic data gathered include gender, ethnicity, financial status, marital status and present of cervical cancer in the family. Ethnicity is defined as into two categories which are native (Malay or Sabahan/Sarawakian) and non-native (Chinese or Indian). Financial status is divided into high and low based on a threshold household income of RM 3500 monthly. On the other hand, marital status is categorised as either single or married/living with a partner.

The main outcome variables are level of knowledge and level of awareness on HPV vaccination. A self-assessed questionnaire was constructed consist of two main domains; level of knowledge and level of awareness with 16 and 15 items respectively. The domain of level of knowledge composed of 16 items with the scaling ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. The scoring is based on the number of “Yes” responses with a maximum attainable score of 16. A total score of less than 6 is considered as low level, a score of 6 to 11 as moderate level and a score of 12 or more as high level of knowledge.

The domain of level of awareness composed of 15 items rated using 5–point Likert’s Scale. The scale range from 1 to 5 (1- Strongly disagree, 2- Disagree, 3-Neutral, 4-Agree and 5- Strongly agree). The level of awareness is reflected by the total sum of the points with a minimum score of 15 up to a maximum score of 75. A total score of less than 38 implies low level of awareness while a score of 38 or more is considered as high level of awareness.

Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.Descriptive analysis included frequencies and percentages of the demographic data and the scores of levels of knowledge and level of awareness. Independent T-test was used to determine association between the demographic variables and the scores. A p-value of less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Demographic data

A total of 234 respondents among the final year nursing and medical students were received that corresponded with a response rate of 86% of the whole eligible respondents. (Out of 310 students). The majority of the respondents were Malay ethnic (72.6%) and two-thirds were female. More than half came from family with family income less than RM3500 per month. Most respondents were single with absent history of cervical cancer in the family. Details of the demographic data are shown in Table 1.

Level of Knowledge and Awareness on HPV vaccination.

The mean score of level of knowledge for all respondents was 13.2±1.77SD. Based on Table 2, most of the respondents demonstrated a high level of knowledge on HPV vaccination (85.9%) with a mean score of. None of the respondents showed a low level of knowledge.  Meanwhile all respondents had high awareness on HPV vaccination with the mean score of 54.7±5.02

The Association between socio-demographic and level of knowledge on HPV Vaccination

Statistical analysis has shown a significant association between the level of knowledge (based on the mean score) with ethnicity (p=0.006) and marital status (p=0.006) variables (Table 3). Non-Native and married status demonstrated a higher mean score of the level of knowledge however for ethnicity the mean scores for both native and non-native were categorised as high level of level based on the scoring threshold with a mean difference of 0.64. On the other hand, the mean score of the single status is within the moderate level of knowledge category.

The Association between socio-demographic and level of Awareness on HPV Vaccination

There were significant differences between the mean score of the level of awareness with gender and present of history of cervical cancer (p=0.001 and 0.014 respectively). Male gender and the absent of the family history yielded lower mean score of level of awareness. Despite these significant differences, the means score for all variables were categorised as high level of awareness.  

DISCUSSION

This study revealed two major findings:  presence of high level of knowledge and awareness among the final year of medical and nursing students, and these level have demonstrated significant association with certain variables, namely ethnicity and marital status for level of knowledge, and gender and present of history of cervical cancer for level of awareness.

Majority of respondents had a high level of knowledge. It was found in the studies by Al-Naggar et al., (2010); Pandey et al., (2012); Rashwan and Saat., (2012) that stated that medical student had advanced knowledge about HPV vaccination than others students due to the fact that their education syllabus included more information regarding the disease, its treatment and prevention^2,13,14. Further supported by Al-darwish et al., (2014), medical students are the future health professionals and it is important to evaluate their knowledge in order to develop education and awareness policy should there is the need increase their knowledge which can then be disseminated into the society to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to cervical cancer¹. In contrast, another study showed that the level of knowledge on HPV vaccination was inadequate¹⁰. This may be explained due to respondents involved in this study are first year medical students who are seemed to have little effect on knowledge of HPV vaccination over time. It is imperative that nursing and medical students have adequate knowledge about cervical cancer and HPV vaccination because most of them fall within the age group reported to have high rates of HPV infection and also because as they will be a healthcare provider in future, their counsel and recommendation would facilitate primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer.

Chinese and Indian respondents have high level of knowledge on HPV vaccination as compared to Malay native. This finding is same with a study done in United States stated that ethnicity influence the level of knowledge¹⁵. It reflects to the number of incidences of cervical cancer that had been diagnosed among Indian and Chinese are higher compared to Malay ¹². With that, they might be susceptible to seek for extra knowledge on HPV vaccination for prevention in future. Yet, it is understandable that the lifestyle among the ethnicity is different and it will affect individual knowledge ⁴.

Marital status of respondents also shows significant relationship with level of knowledge on HPV vaccination. It was means that respondents who are married and living with partner will seek extra knowledge because they realized that they are more prone to get HPV infection since they had been exposed to sexual intercourse. Male and female of nursing and medical students in the present study had no difference in knowledge due to having a same educational level. Healthcare provider is the one that should influence community to have HPV vaccination. In order to complete the task, they must have a good knowledge either they are male or female.

In the present study, even the respondents had different family background who had differ in socioeconomic status, but still their knowledge on HPV vaccination are not too much different because they were studied in same institution and received same education syllabus during their studies. History of family in cervical cancer also shows no significant relationship with level of knowledge on HPV vaccination. It is rarely tested by others studies. However, it is considered as importance to identify how that family background can affect family members’ knowledge itself.  Besides, for those who had experience in taking care of family members diagnosed with cervical cancer might trigger themselves to seek extra knowledge as they probably faced the same problem in future. Yet, this reason can’t be proven as further study is needed.

Both nursing and medical students were very aware the important of HPV vaccination. Similar to studies have revealed an outcome that most of medical students in premier medical school in India had high level of awareness¹³. This shows that nursing and medical students had a high awareness on HPV vaccination because definitely they have impact on the understanding of this important public health issue, with regard to etiology of cervical cancer, availability of the HPV vaccine and its protective efficacy in their curriculum syllabus and clinical posting. Johnson et al., (2014) also found similar level of awareness in Nepali population. The present findings were differing from a study found that medical students had low awareness on HPV vaccination proved by only a small amount of respondents had been vaccinated with HPV vaccine ^{6 ,7}. This could be explained by respondents of this study have reluctant attitude before onset of this study for the important topic and they rarely to practice it. The meaning of awareness on HPV vaccination is too broad to describe. Instead of that, awareness has a lot of interpretation in studies such as awareness regarding the availability of HPV vaccination, overall acceptance of HPV vaccine among the population and awareness of practice on HPV vaccination ^{13, 7}. In the present study awareness was referred as awareness of HPV vaccination in the aspect of taking and promoting the HPV vaccine.  Regardless of interpretation meaning awareness, a future healthcare provider must have a high awareness on HPV vaccination to widespread acceptance of HPV vaccines and to lend enormous health benefits by decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer. Moreover, in the present study, the respondents were final year nursing and medical students who already had more clinical experience during their posting and they should have prepared themselves to face any concerns on HPV vaccination from community.

In the present study showed that there was a significant relationship in gender and level of awareness on HPV vaccination. Male students were likely to have less awareness of HPV vaccination compared to female. This finding is similar by a study done by Reimer et al., (2014), where the results indicated that female have high awareness compared to male¹⁵. The result of the present study, HPV vaccination is most related with the participation of female in order to prevent cervical cancer. So, it is reasonable for female to have better awareness on HPV vaccination. Respondents who had family history of cervical cancer will have more concern of awareness on HPV vaccination because they had experienced by themselves to see the poor prognosis of family member who had been diagnosed with cervical cancer. By having high awareness, at least they were able to get vaccination for the prevention of HPV infection.

Through this study, there was no significant relationship between race and level of awareness on HPV vaccination. However, a study done in California showed a contras result, where ethnicity contribute on level of awareness on HPV vaccination. These results were differing from the result of present study because it is understandable that there are no known any issues of racism occur in Malaysia, unlike in other countries, racism has been lighted as the reason why ethnicity bring a huge effect on level of awareness on HPV vaccination. Sometimes in certain country, minor ethnicity had been neglect by community in order to get vaccination. For example, in Malaysia, the immunisation-based programmes were opened to all citizens regardless of race. So, either the respondents were from minor ethnicity or major ethnicity, it will not affect the level of awareness due to harmony of ethnicity in Malaysia. The result of no significant relationship between race and awareness also might be due to Malay respondents was the majority races who participated in the present study¹¹.

It is not a factor that the respondents who had different family background with differ in socioeconomic status can affect the awareness on HPV vaccination among themselves. This may be due to precious knowledge that already exists in themselves as a nursing and medical student which go beyond limits in all over situation. It similar to a study done in Australia stated that socioeconomic status and living in remote area during childhood and parental religion were not suggestively associated with being vaccinated (Tung et al., 2016)¹⁶.Marital status is not a deal for individual for having high or low awareness on HPV vaccination. It was means that whether the respondents were married or non-married, it will not be a factor contribute to awareness on HPV vaccination due to awareness that present in themselves as they had same exposure on how important of HPV vaccination and the impact of neglect the vaccination. Similarly, a study by Marlow et al., (2009) found that whether married or unmarried women had no different in vaccinating HPV vaccine⁹.

Ethical clearance: Ethical clearance was obtained from Malaysia National University for project code: ff-2017_106 with Ethic committee ref no: UKM PPU111/&/JEP-2017-150

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares that there is no competing interest in publishing this article.

Fund for the study: This is self-funded study.

CONCLUSION

This study has shown that the level of knowledge and awareness on HPV vaccination are high   among the final year of medical and nursing students.   Although several factors are shown to associated with the level of knowledge and awareness, the mean score for majority of the variables are within high level. Further evaluations including a more scrutinised statistical analysis on the practice of implementing HPV vaccination education by this future healthcare professional would provide a better picture on translating the knowledge into practices. However, the limitation of the study was these findings are not representing knowledge and awareness of whole number for nursing and medical students in Malaysia.

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Citation:   Rohani Mamat, Fatimah Ahmedy, Roziah Arabi, et al.(2020). Knowledge and Awareness on Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Final Year Nursing and Medical Students in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, ijmaes; 6 (4); 899-908.

Mazlinda Musa¹, Fidelia Ferderik Anis², Hamidah Hassan³,  Siti Fatimah Saad⁴, Farhana Harzila Mohd Bahar⁵, Rohani Mamat⁶, Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim⁷

Authors

^1,5Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine& Health Science, University of Malaya Sabah

²Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Allied Science, Open University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

^4,6Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine& Health Science, University Malaysia Sabah

⁷Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine& Health Science, University Sabah, Malaysia

Coresponding Authors

³Professor,Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine& Health Science, University Malaysia Sabah Email: hamidahhassan9@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT

Background: Managing airway is very crucial and it is the essential component in emergency care syllabus throughout nursing program training. It is impossible to learn on artificial airway management in the real clinical zone due to the complexity of clinical conditions and the variations of treatment procedures This study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the simulation airway management training program developed for the final year nursing students whom rarely been assessed before they were posted into the real learning environment. Methodology: This is a quasi-experimental one group of pretest and posttest of final years nursing were exposed with the Intensive simulation of airway management technique which includes BLS, measure and insertion of oropharyngeal, high flow O2 administration, interpret ECG, use of defibrillator and understanding role of arrest team during emergency. Results: There exists adequate evidence to show that there was a significant different in the mean score of pretest and the mean score of posttest. The result shown significant with CI95% (-0.53414, -0.09586), t= -3.009, df = 19 and P<0.05. Conclusion: Intensive simulation training program on airway management serves as a bridge on the breachamid class room teaching and the applied skills. It acts as a reinforcement strategy on the technical and nontechnical skills to determine their competency the most important thing derived from this study is the increases of students’ sense of security and confidence before they are exposed to real clinical areas.   Keywords: Airway Management, Simulation Training, Nursing Student,Confident Level, Emergency

Received on 6th November 2020, Revised on 20th November 2020, Accepted on 26th  November 2020

DOI:10.36678/IJMAES.2020.V06I04.006

INTRODUCTION

Clinical attachment to the Emergency and Trauma Department was a requirement in the curriculum for final year nursing students in Health Training Institutions in Northern Borneo. The clinical objective of this two-week clinical placement was to gain knowledge and skills in delivering care for critically ill patients such as Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Motor Vehicle Accident (MVA),and other trauma-related injuries. They were also required to enhance their confidence level in involving airway management during resuscitation in the red zone, such as preparing for endotracheal tube (ETT) insertion and intubation. Airway management was a part of the basic in Basic Life Support training. The final year of the Health Training Institutions in Northern Borneo nursing students had already received the Basic Life Support training when they were in Year Two Semester Two 2 (almost 1 year before). Therefore, airway management was not a new practice for them as they already experience basic resuscitation in the ward. However, it was different for clinical placement especially critical environments such as the Emergency and Trauma Department. Williams and Palmer (2013) and Rushton (2015) suggested that critical clinical settings may contribute the most creating nervousness circumstances for nursing students, and this may interfere with their performance, confidence level,and ability to learn^14,11. Nursing students need the experience of confronting challenges in the care of patients they will undoubtedly face in real-world health care settings.

Simulation training was not a new experience among final year nursing students in Health Training Institutions in Northern Borneo. The curriculum in the Health Training Institute requires simulation for almost all procedures related to nursing practices such as wound dressing, insertion of the Ryle’s Tube, and vital observation. Simulations are defined as situations where models were used for practice and to gain experience that will enhance students’ practical skills (Munangatire & Naidoo, 2017)⁶. The use of simulations in clinical skills training can stimulate deep learning and help students to bond the breakamid theory and practice in nursing (Marucaet al.,2015)⁴. Satyapal, Rout, and Sommerville (2018) wrote that in airway simulation drill has been part of most recommended internationally¹². Still, even though the benefits shown for intermediate results such as trainee fulfilment (Roh, Kim, and Kim, 2014), skills attainment and behaviour-process, simulation has not yet been established to have a substantial effect on patient outcomes¹⁰.

McGough and Heslop (2016) suggested that the development of authentic simulation activities grounded in clinical practice and clinical standards will enhance and personalize the learners’ experience and assist students in developing critical thinking relevant to the healthcare environment⁵. The advantages of simulation drill also include calibration and recurrence of content, interactive education in a clinical setting without compromising patient safety (Ballangrudet al., 2013 and Sideraset al., 2013), and the capability to strategize goal-oriented clinical involvements^1,13. Simulation brings a learner-attentive, non-threatening educational setting that was unencumbered by patient service obligations. This has been revealed in many studies where simulations positively impacted on clinical decision-making and patient care, and there has been considerable interest in the use of simulation in nurse training ⁵.

Problem statement: All final year nursing students of Health Training Institutions in Northern Borneo were allocated to the Emergency and Trauma Department to gain experience in critical care. However, this was their first time entering the Emergency and Trauma Department. Williams and Palmer (2013) stated that extreme anxiety might be experienced by a nurse who first time entering critical care. According to Williams and Palmer (2013) and Lin (2016), generally, clinical settings have long been described as one of the most anxiety -producing situations for students and this could affect with their performance and ability to study^14,3. Prior to their first clinical attachment to the Emergency and Trauma Department, some of the final year nursing students of Health Training Institutions in Northern Borneo verbalize anxiety towards the critical environment. Rushton (2015) stated that students might express fear, feel unprepared and anxious towards the critical clinical setting because ofa lack of exposure to the critical environment¹¹.  

Previous final nursing students of Health Training Institutions in Northern Borneo hadverbalized low confidence in handling airway management during resuscitation at the red zone. Staffs of the Emergency and Trauma Department also verbalize that some of the previous final nursing students were reluctant to participate during resuscitation in the red zone. Williams and Palmer (2013) also suggested that critical care settings,such as the intensive care unit and emergency department were probable to become more demanding in the upcoming due to advances in technology and health care¹⁴.Lacks of placement opportunities also contribute anxiety among students as stated by Rushton (2015).This study aimed to determine the efficacy of simulation training in airway management among final year nursing students of Health Training Institutions in Northern Borneo¹¹.

METHODOLOGY

This was a quasi-experimental research design, in which the participant was divided into test and control group without randomization. According to Polit and Beck (2014), the quasi-experimental research design was the non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design, which involving comparing two or more groups of people before and after implementing an intervention⁷. Figure 3.1 shows the research framework on simulation training efficacy in airway management during resuscitation in the red zone among final year nursing students of Health Training Institutions in Northern Borneo. A total sample of forty final year nursing students were selected for this study. This was a comparative study involving twenty final year nursing students (test group) with simulation on airway management before going to the Emergency and Trauma Department (ETD), versus twenty final year nursing students (control group) posted directly to the Emergency and Trauma Department (ETD) without simulation on airway management. We divided these forty nursing students into two groups mentioned above by draw lots to assure fairness.  Both groups were assigned to the Emergency and Trauma Department by batch.

Both the test and control group attended classes and lectures on airway management according to their actual curricular provided by the Health Training Institute. However, the test group was given a simulation training focusing on airway management by the researcher before they wentto ETD for clinical experiences. While the test group was undergoing simulation training, the control group was assigned to ETD as the first batch to complete their two weeks of clinical experience. After that, the second batch, which was the test group, was sent to ETD for clinical experience. By the end of their two weeks of clinical posting in ETD, all forty final year students were required to give their feedback. Efficacy of the simulation training in airway management during resuscitation in the red zone among the test group was assessed by comparing the confidence level before and after they were posted into ETD with the confidence level of the control group before and after their clinical experience in Emergency and Trauma Department.

Research instruments: Two instruments were used to assess how well simulation training met student learning needs which were 1) Modified Pre-testPost-test Design Tool, and 2) Simulation Efficacy Tool Modified (SET-M). The two instruments used to assess the efficacy of simulation training in airway management during resuscitation at red zone explained as below:

The modified pre-test and post-test design was a tool to measure the confidence of third-year undergraduate nursing students for placement into a high-acuity clinical setting (Porter et al., 2013)⁸.

Figure 1.2 shows a diagram of the relationship between the test group and the control group design. The design allows researchers to compare the final post-test results between the test and control group. In the role of X and X1, the researcher was able to see both groups changed from pre-test to post-test which shows both or neither improved over time. Comparing the scores in the two pre-test groups can be done to ensure that the randomization process was effective (B).  

This survey was designed by Porter et al. (2013); the author and her team was an expert panel consisting of academicians and clinicians⁸. The evaluation tool comprised three sections which reflected collated data relating to (1) participant characteristics including age and gender, (2) self-reported readiness for clinical placement in the Emergency and Trauma Department, and (3) participant confidence level with individual clinical skills.

RESULT

The statistical analysis SPSS version 25.0 was used. First step was to recode the negative items found in question B into positive items. Recode command was used to recode negatively stated items by replacing the original response code into the new response code (recode into the same variables). The negatively stated items were found in the questionnaire used to test for confidence level among the test group as in Appendix F: Modified Pre-test/Post-test survey, questions no 1, 4, 6, 8, and 10 are negatively stated.

After done with the coding process, each component for pre and post-test for the test group was set to transform then compute variables to get the mean. After getting the mean, the skewness test was conducted to identify normal distribution. It is normally distributed as shown in the bell shape histogram. This is to fulfil the assumption for a paired T-test.

One group of pre-test and post-test of twenty final years nursing students with a convenience sampling technique approach. Students were exposed to the Intensive simulation of airway management technique which includes BLS, measure and insertion of the oropharyngeal, high flow O2 administration, interpret ECG, use of the defibrillator and understanding the role of arrest team during an emergency. The questionnaire on confidence level was given before and after the simulation of airway management. There exists adequate evidence to show that there was a significant difference in the mean score of the pre-test and the mean score of the post-test. The result in table 1 shown significant (CI95% (-0.53414, -0.09586), t= -3.009, df = 19, p<.05).

DISCUSSION

Student nurses thattangled in an arrest situation while on clinical placement require clinical supervision of critical placement. The clinical instructor must be a qualified BLS trainer/ educator. Guide nursing students to verbalize their feelings in handling airway management during resuscitation at the red zone, which “harming the patient,” “making mistakes,” and “feeling unprepared” were described as nursing-student worries. Staffs of the Emergency and Trauma Department need to take part in supervising and mentoring students to participate during resuscitation in the red zone. It is essential to expose students with advances in technology and health care during clinical placement to enhance their It skills. There is also a need to increase placement opportunities to reduce anxiety among students. Those reported in previous studies consist of many data reflected concern of clinical placement. Feeling “not yet prepared enough;” “as though all the knowledge hasn’t come together;” “anxious about the … responsibility;” and in a “constant state of panic” were reported by student prior to commencing clinical placement. Students acknowledged that “more clinical placement time” would patronage in calming these fears.Recognize barriers to a clinical placement that may hinder new graduate nurses’ potential to recognize and respond to clinical complexities. This includes hospital consolidations, decreases in the number of nurses willing to serve as preceptors, further constrained due to low patient census, high-acuity patient populations, and safety considerations (Richardson and Claman, 2014)⁹.

An intensivesimulation training program on airway management serves as a bridge on the gap between classroom instruction and practical application. It acts as a reinforcement strategy on the technical and non-technical skills to determine their competency. The most important thing derived from this study is the increases in students’ sense of security and confidence before they are exposed to real clinical areas. Students were excited to get off to the field as soon as possible to apply their skills. Therefore, this program is a stepping stone to prepare them to gain on the real experience. In future research, researcher may suggest a real-world 3D virtual nurse simulation training in airway management. This was a much better learning environment compared to manikins-based simulation training. A 3D virtual simulation was more realistic and nursing student were able to encounter different kind of emergency situation, this may help them in improving their critical thinking and make fast clinical judgement. A 3D virtual simulation was also very interactive and challenging to the students.

Ethical clearance: Ethical clearance was obtained from the National Medical Research Register NMRR-18-1887-42432. National Medical Research Register (NMRR) was a web-based service initiated by National Institutes of Health (NIH) of the Ministry of Health (MOH) National Institutes of Health (NIH) of the Ministry of Health (MOH).

Conflicts of Interest: There is no conflict of interest in this study.

Fund for the study: This is self-funded study.

Conclusion: Intensive simulation training program on airway management serves as a bridge on the breachamid classroom teaching and the applied skills. It acts as a reinforcement strategy on the technical and nontechnical skills to determine their competency the most important thing derived from this study is the increases of students’ sense of security and confidence before they are exposed to real clinical areas.

REFERENCES

1. Ballangrud, R.,Hall-Lord, M.L.,Hedelin, B., &Persenius, M.(2013). Intensive care unit nurses’ evaluation of simulation used for team training. British Association of Critical Care Nurses, 19(4), 175. Retrieved 5 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
2. Boellaard, M. R., Brandt, C. L., Johnson, N. L., &Zorn, C. R. (2014). Practicing for practice: Accelerated second baccalaureate degree nursing (Absn) students evaluate simulations. Nursing Education Perspectives, 35 (4), 257. Retrieved 4 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
3. Lin, H.H. (2016). Efficacy of simulation-based learning on student nurses’ self-efficacy and performance while learning fundamental nursing skills. Technology and Health Care, 24, 369–375.Retrieved 5 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
4. Maruca, A. T., Díaz D. A., Kuhnly J. E.,&Jeffries P. R.. (2015). Enhancing Empathy in Undergraduate Nursing Students: An Experiential Ostomate Simulation. Nursing Education Perspectives, 36 (6), 367.Retrieved 10 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
5. McGough, S., &Heslop, K.(2016). Creating simulation activities for undergraduate nursing curricula. Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal,24 (3), 34.Retrieved 10 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
6. Munangatire, T., & Naidoo, N.(2017). Exploration of high-fidelity simulation: Nurse educators’ perceptions and experiences at a school of nursing in a resource-limited setting. Africa Journal Health Professions Educ, 9(1), 44-47. Retrieved 6 Mei 2018, from Pro Quest database.
7. Polit, D. F. and Beck, C. T. (2014). Essentials of Nursing Research: appraising evidence for nursing practice. 8^th Edition. Philadelphia, USA. Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins.
8. Porter,J.,Morphet, J., Missen, K.,& Raymond, A. (2013). Preparation for high-acuity clinical placement: confidence levels of final-year nursing students.Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 4, 83–89.Retrieved 10 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
9. Richardson, K. J., &Claman, F. (2014). High-fidelity simulation in nursing education: a change in clinical practice. Nursing Education Perspectives, 35(2), 125. Retrieved 10 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
10. Roh, Y.S., Kim, S.S., & Kim, S. H.(2014). Effects of an integrated problem-based learning and simulation course for nursing students. Nursing and Health Sciences, 16, 91–96. Retrieved 1 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
11. Rushton, M. (2015). Simulation and student pathway to critical care. British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, 10 (2), 93 -97.Retrieved 1 Mei 2018, from ProQuest database.
12. Satyapal, V.M., Rout, C.C., & Sommerville, T.E. (2018). Errors and clinical supervision of intubation attempts by the inexperienced. Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 24(2), 47–53.Retrieved 10 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
13. Sideras, S., McKenzie G., Noone J., Markle D., Frazier M., & Sullivan M. (2013). Making simulation come Alive: standardized patients in undergraduate nursing education. Nursing Education Perspectives, 34(6), 421.Retrieved 5 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.
14. Williams, E., & Palmer, C. (2013). Student nurses in critical care: benefits and challenges of critical care as a learning environment for student nurses. British Association of Critical Care Nurse, 19(6), 310-313.Retrieved 1 Mei 2018, from CINAHL database.

Citation:

Mazlinda Musa, Fidelia Ferderik Anis, Hamidah Hassan., et al.(2020). The efficacy of intensive simulation airway management training program on the final year nursing in one of health training institutions in Northern Borneo, ijmaes; 6 (4); 890-898.

Siti Fatimah Saat¹, Zakira M², Shariza A R³, Zainah Mohamed⁴, Hamidah Hassan^5,Farhana Harzila Mohd Bahar⁶ , Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim⁷, RohaniMamat^8, Mazlinda Musa⁹

Authors

^1,5,6,7,8 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu Malaysia

^2,3Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversitiSains Malaysia, KubangKerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

⁴Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,  Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Coresponding Author

⁹Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. Malaysia. Mail id:mazlinda@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT

Background: Leadership might be hard to define, but it’s easy to recognize.  In nursing, there are certain skills required from nurse managers so as to be able to use these effective leadership styles. The skills include the ability to create an organization culture that combines high-quality health care, patient/employee safety, highly developed collaborative and team-building skills. This paper presents the preliminary study of the development of the assessment leadership tool. Methodology: Questionnaire for leadership styles was adapted from Northouse (2014) while working motivation was adapted from Purohit et al., (2016). The modification was done for leadership styles questionnaire from 35 modified into 48 question and tool on nurses’ motivation from 19 items modified into 28 items using literature guidance and expert opinion. Results: Preliminary development of tool reliability test using internal consistency cronbach’s alpha result shown that for leadership styles questionnaires which are consisted of 48 items is (α = 0 .77) and working motivation consisted of 28 items is (α = 0.70). Minor modification needed after the literature searching and analysis of pre-test stage, the discussion with expert person after they go through the questionnaires also suggested some additional info are needed. Conclusion: Assessment on working motivation among nurses is also recommended to overcome the issues on working retention among them. Investigation regarding which appropriate leadership style need to be explored and the level of working motivation among nursing staff should be monitored regularly.     Keywords: Leadership Style, Assessment Tool, Nurse Manager, Healthcare

Received on 4th November 2020, Revised on 18th November 2020, Accepted on 24th  November 2020 DOI:10.36678/IJMAES.2020.V06I04.005

INTRODUCTION

Every organisation has different levels of management to undertake and to ensure the activity of that organisation is working smoothly. The absence of effective leadership is equally dramatic in its effects. Without a good leadership manager, organisations will deviate from their primary objectives, such as excellent patient care (Ali, Jangga, Ismail, Kamal, & Ali, 2015)⁵.

In a hospital setting, nurses represent more than 50 per cent of the main workforce and how well nurses are motivated directly affect the quality of patient care delivery and the outcomes (Storch, Schick Makaroff, Pauly, & Newton, 2013)¹⁹. Therefore, a nursing manager is considered as the vital individual needed to lead the nursing team.Managing nursing staff is not a simple task; the manager, herself/himself, should havegood leadership values to ensure that the team will be well-led (Saleem, 2015)¹⁸.

The leadership styles of the nursing managers are essential for nurses in daily work while at the same time motivating them to achieve a high quality of patient care (Yildiz, Ayhan, &Erdogmuş, 2009)²⁰. According to Cheung &Ching (2014), a team leader’s experience has been found to increase working performance among team members and their work relationship⁸.

The leadership styles and attitudes affected the outcomes of the views of the employees towards their jobs (Curtis, Vries, & Sheerin (2011); Saleem, 2015)^9,19. Same goes to the nurse’s team whereby the excellent leaders should enhance nurses’ in their working motivation, and quality of health care services in hospital (Saleem, 2015) and Hutchinson & Jackson (2013) revealed that transformational leadership has a positive impact on job satisfaction and transactional leadership has a negative effect on job satisfaction^19,12. They also suggested that perceived organisational politics partially mediate the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction. However, in Malaysia,various leadership styles are being practised in managing nursing staff in hospitals and related healthcare organisations.

There are few styles of leadership such as autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional and transformational (Avolio, Walumbwa, & Weber, 2009) while nursing leaders tend to use any leadership style that is suitable and comfortable to them³. A few methods have positive values, while some are negative. The styles with negative values will promote negative impacts toward team and will create various problems among the team members (Curtis &O’Connell, 2011)¹⁰. Most leaders did not seemto be aware that their leadership styles may not be appropriate to practice because they are notequipped with the formal training in leadership styles (Lankshear, Kerr, Spence Laschinger, & Wong, 2013)¹⁵. However, the transformational leadership style contributes to positive impacts and plays a crucial role in developing the team (Abualrub&Alghamdi, 2012)². Indeed, the nature of employees’ relationships with their managers determines how long the employees remain with the organisation and how productive they are within the organisation.

Current research related to leadership styles implementation, particularly among nurses, were minimal. In most cases, a nursing leader depends mostly on their own experiences or the orders from the superior management to manage their staffs. Knowledge about the appropriate type of leadership styles engagedby nurse managers is still unclear. On the other hand, there are no proper or gazetted written orders for each nursing manager to apply any style of leadership in managing their staff.Thus, specific tools are needed to assess the leadership styles applied by the nurse managers and their impacts to the nursing staffs.

METHODOLOGY

The validation process is done to validate two sets of questionnaires; one set of leadership styles questionnaire and one set of working motivation questionnaire. “The Working Motivation” questionnaires (Purohit et al., 2016) are adopted and adapted to assess working motivation among nurses while “The Leadership Questionnaire (LQ)” by Northouse (2014) adopted and adapted to measure the frequency of behaviours of the leaders, so it is very close to the actual environment and has high validity¹⁶. Firstly, face validation was done followed by back to back translation, pilot study and reliability test.Face validity was achieved after the questionnaires were modified based on the discussion and suggestion given by the two experts of the related fields. Back-to-back translation from English to the Malay languagewas doneto ensure that the questionnaires are suitable with Malaysian respondents. A pilot test was conducted with 30 respondents for each set of questionnaires. After modifying the questionnaires, 30 respondents from the target group were selectedto undertakea pre-test. A short briefing session regarding the instructions of the questionnaires was done before the respondents started to answer it according to the allocated time, which is 30 minutes.After the pre-test, all respondents were invited to share their opinions towards the questionnaires. Reliability test was the last step taken to validate the questionnaires. The data from pre-test was collected and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The purpose of this stage wasto look for the reliability of the questionnaires,and two analysis was done; the principal component analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha.

The quantitative data were also analysed using SPSS. Quantitative data analysis such descriptive statistics including means, percentages, medians, ranges, and variances were calculated based on appropriateness for all variables. These analyses allowed researchers to develop an initial understanding of the data collected during the quantitative phase. The ethical clearance from the National Medical Research is obtained. An approval from the director/dean of teaching hospitals about data collection is given. Written consent was given to each respondent before they were involved in this study. Their participation in the study was optional as they were allowed to pull out from the study any time with their data remained confidential. All data and responses gathered were mainly used for the sake of research purposes and will be disposed of after the results of the study were published.Token of appreciation is given to all respondents. The data collection was done within guidelines to avoid biases and vulnerability. Explanation of the procedure is provided to minimise the potential of stigmatisation.

RESULTS

Minor modifications were done to the questionnaire as suggested by the experts.In the first stage, a questionnaire to assess working motivation with 26 items, was adopted and adapted. However, the questionnaire was modified to suit the local context by adding 7 new items which contribute to a total of 33 items in the final questionnaires.The adapted questionnaire consisted of 33 itemswere distributed to all target respondent. According to the respondents’ feedbacks, words simplification was needed with the questionnaire to ensure optimum understanding can be achieved.While for the leadership styles questionnaire, the author adopted and adapted the questionnaire from The Leadership Questionnaire (LQ) by Northouse (2014) but focusing only on 36 items for full range Leadership Model factors¹⁶. The questionnaire was modified as 16 items were added, which made the total of the item to 52 items for the leadership styles section.The questionnaire was translated fromEnglish to Malay language version to suit with the author target group. Statistical analysis was done to look for the questionnaire’s reliability. The result of the reliability testshowed that for leadership styles questionnaires which consisted of 52 items (α = 0 .77) and working motivation included 33 items (α = 0.70).

The questionnaires were more suitable for the use of the target group based on the results after the validation process was taken. The questionnaires on leadership styles are appropriate to assess which type of leadership style is being used by a particular leader. In contrast, thequestionnaireon working motivation is suitable to use to assess working motivation among nurses. Thus, with these questionnaires, nursing leaders should be able to practice and applyan appropriate leadership style to reduce stress and improve motivation among the nursing team.    

DISCUSSION

The main purpose of this process is to validate two sets of survey questions on the type of leadership used by a leader and also a questionnaire on the level of work motivation. After the validation process is carried out in detail, it is found that the questionnaire is more suitable for use in the area suggested by the researcher.This survey question is ideal for use as a method to identify the relationship between the level of work motivation among nurses and the type of leadership used by their leaders.Motivation to work plays a significant role in determining the competence of nurses in carrying out their duties.

Goktepe et al.(2020) in their study on the relationship between nurses’ work-related variables colleague solidarity and job motivation among 172 nurses working at a private hospital in Turkey founded that three sub-dimensions of the Colleague Solidarity Scale for Nurses, salary and career opportunities were essential factors affecting job motivation¹¹. The researcher suggested that to increase nurses’ job motivation; nurse managers should work to improve collegial solidarity, create career opportunities and develop salary policies.The development of tools to analyse the type of leadership used and its relation to working motivation among nurses provides little space for the administration to conduct regular surveys and provide early intervention as problems are detected earlier.

Ethical clearance: Ethical clearance was obtained from Malaysia National University for project code: ff-2019-380 with Ethic committee ref no: UKM.FPR.SPI800-2/28/173

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares that there is no competing interest in publishing this articles.

Fund for the study: This is self-funded study.

CONCLUSION

This report presented methodological issues associated with the validity and reliability of the questionnaire to be used on studies regarding leadership styles and working motivation. The author adapted and modified the questionnaires to suit the target group of the study. Therefore, the validity and reliability process of the research contributed significantly to the development of tools used to assist the researcher. Validation and reliability test result shown that the questionnaires are valid and reliable to assess the leadership styles and working motivation.In conclusion, with these valid questionnaires, hospital management should assess their nurse managers leadership styles and nurses working motivation to improve their quality of nursing management and working motivation among nursing staffs. Research on leadership stylesis beneficial to nurse managers as it provides guidance related to suitable management styles to manage nursing staffs.Evaluationofworking motivation among nurses is also recommended to overcome the issues of working retention among nurses. In the future, further investigations related to specific and proper leadership styles need to be explored along with the working motivation among nursing staffs.

Leadership styles are related to nursing and healthcare, and new methods are emerging, some types are in their contemporary forms. Leading is not a ‘one-style’ practice which explains the reasons why leaders do not stick to one specific leadership style for all situations. Leaders might need to adapt their management approaches and ways to handle matters based on the situations, and changes occur in their workplace.All leaders should have essential characteristics such as confidence, integrity, honesty, bravery and enthusiasm regardless of the type of leadership that they choose.Who leaders are and what they do, particularly in times of emergency and tension, are the actual characteristics of their leadership styles. Authoritarian styles are still the most preferred styles choose by leaders to use in leading staff, although the relationship between that leadership style and low of job motivation between staff exists.The management team should do an investigation on the staffs’ working motivation level regularly.The management should find out the factors that contribute to these issues and do an intervention to overcome the problems among staff.

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Citation:

Siti Fatimah Saad , Zakira Mamat, Shariza Abdul Razak., et al.(2020). Preliminary development of assessment tool of leadership style, ijmaes; 6 (4); 883-889.

Hamidah H.¹, Mazlinda   M.², Rosnah M.³, Azila T.⁴, Khadijah N@ Roslih.⁵, Kelvin, J.M.⁶, NurulIzzatie M.⁷, Rohani M.⁸., Siti Fatimah S.⁹

Authors

^{1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}Department of Nursing Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University, Sabah, Malaysia

Corresponding Author

²Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University ,Sabah, Malaysia

Email: mazlinda@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACTS

Background: Burnout is defined as psychological syndrome experienced by an individual who is exposed to chronic stress which involved emotional, physical, and mental Exhaustion caused by prolonged excessive stress. As for students, going through the process of learning is a mounting complex stressful phenomenon that remained as the leading cause of poor academic performance and dropped out which sometimes may lead to psychological deviant or situation called depression. This study aimed to discover the causes of student nurses’ Burnout and the intention to leave the program.

Methodology: A cross-sectional survey of 127 nursing was selected based on Krejcie Morgan (1970) sample size calculation. Maslach Burnout Inventory (2016)to measure the burnout realm on emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization and personal achievement. Twenty-two items with 7- points scale measuring responses of “Never (0)” to “Every day (7)” and three open-ended questions related to the intention of leaving the program.

Results: Thirty-five( 35%) students had the feeling of dropping the program, and 52% had occurred during the first year of the study. Stress and financial struggles triggered the quitting as they felt the course had broken them down.Pursuing the program despite the glitches worth the fights,  99 % of respondents acknowledged that this program is worth their future profession.

Conclusion:They learnt to handle their emotional problem during work. Nursing as a  field of knowledge of humanities has been able to transform the society who were insufficient in lives into good human beings.

Keywords: Burnout, turnover, nursing students, emotional exhausation, academic performance

Received on 4th November 2020, Revised on 18th November 2020, Accepted on 24th  November 2020

DOI:10.36678/IJMAES.2020.V06I04.004

INTRODUCTION

Burnout is a state of emotional, physical, and mental respondents Exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress. It occurs when ones feel overwhelmed, emotionally drained, and unable to meet constant demands.It is associated with feelings of hopelessness and difficulties in dealing with work or in doing the job effectively.’ For students, studying and low academic performance can be the leading cause of burnout drop out, leading to a situation called a depression.Burnout syndrome occurs morefrequently among a particular group of professions. It is increasingly recognized among healthcare professionals, and HRQ is estimating that Burnout may affect 10–70% of nurses and 30–50% of physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistantswhich due to the demand interaction with people, work with human recipients of services. Apart from working environment with the public, individuals working in any othersdisciplines involvingwith extreme or hazardous responsibility, precision at the performance of duty, severe consequences, shift work, or tasks and responsibilities not liked, are at risk for development of burnout ^{1, 2}.

Burnout, one of the six dimensions of distress, has many negative implications on both a personal and professional level. Professionally, Burnout can hinder job performance, for personally, Burnout affects character, relationships, and overall quality of life. One-third of American nurses are reported with a burnout epidemic sweeping the country in particular with the emotional exhaustion score,  of 27 or higher, which is considered to be “high burnout.” Feelings of stress and anxiety, emotional detachment and chronic fatigue are all symptoms of Burnout that can have a significant impact on how nurses do their jobs. Nurse burnout will potentially impact the medical industry and Nurse Burnout, and it is a complex rising phenomenon related to stressful working environment ^{8, 9}.

What thought-provoking now is, Burnout not only experienced by trained nurses or medical profession, but it is also commonly affected the nursing students. Numerouscategory of literaturehad addressed these issues of burnout syndromes experienced by students in the classroom, worsteven in the clinical setting ^{3, 4}.  A study on nursing degrees program studentswith highly competitive entrance examsfound that the nursing students who wish to obtain a nursing degree have similar exposures as denoted above. It has been widely accepted that burnout syndrome among the nursing students occurs as early as the training starts and the situation becoming intensified during the practical session¹³.

Tsang L said the major grievances of the nursing students are at the workplace¹⁸. It is where they begin to learn to transfer their classroom knowledge into practice. Factors such a;  the environment of placement, the readiness of the clinical management to accept students’ order, clinical teaching approach,  clinical learning objectives, supervision and support system provided. Most ofthe nursing students experienced impolitenesskind of respect from the seniors and even the medical personnel in the clinical settings. The unfortunatestudents in the clinical areas exploited an avoiding approach in coping with a difficult problem to solve the Burnout ^{5, 6}.

When students began to feel frustrated and issues that are not being addressed, the implications would be mainly on students themselves, the organizations and nursing profession. Theintention  to leave the program or career is the significant implications by some of the nursing students as they experienced Exhaustion or disengagement due to stress to the academic and the clinical issues ⁷. The purpose of this study is todeterminethe causes of Burnout among the nursing students, with a better understanding of the sourceswill improve the future training system.

Background Of  Study: This study was conducted in one of the nursing institutions in one of the public universities of Higher Learning in East Malaysia. The Nursing Department strives to excel the nursing graduates by providing the Nursing education based upon the principle of belief in God. The three years of a full-time programaimed to produce nurses who are competent and caring through academic excellence training with holistic & innovative nursing practice. Thus, the nursing students were nurtured to be progressive, disciplined, integrated as well as balanced in their intellectual, emotional, physical and spiritual outlook in the hope that those attributes will safeguard our students to be the well-being of society and worthwhile nations.

The total number of studentsin this study was 180  students, ranging from Year One till Year Three.Ninety per cent (90% ) of the students were female. The program was conducted based on the Malaysian Nursing Board guidelines.  It has 50% theory and 50% practice with the credit hours of 90 credits for three years,  and the full implementation is five years.  The theory sessions were carried out on the main campus, and all practical training conducted using the facilities of the Malaysian Ministry of Health.

Almost 90% of the students in this study were localscomprises various ethnic groups,undertaking the nursing program.  Most of the students coming into this program with pure intention and interest to assist the sicks. Somebelieved that, by submitting themselves into this field, they would be employed with a permanent job after three years of the rigorous training ^14,15. 

METHODOLOGY

Study design: A is a cross-sectional descriptive studyconducted on theDiploma of Nursing of Year One to Year Three students of the Department of Nursing Faculty of Medicine and  Health Sciences, University Malaysia (UMS).

Sample/ Sampling Techniques: The total population was 184 nursing students comprised Year One, Two and Three. The sampling technique was based on Krejcie& Morgan (1970)sampling size, and the required samplewas 127.  Selection of the was made through simple calculation; 184 – 127 = 54 / 3 groups = 19 students were excludedfrom each group, as formulatedin Table 1. Paper logsmarked with number 1 till all will draw number19. Those who received the marked records will be excluded from the study.

Instruments

The Instruments comprised two sections;Section A: Social demographic data and  Section B: Maslach Burnout Syndrome Inventory (MBI, 2016) with seven-score scale, ranging from  ‘never’ to ‘always’ as characterized in Table 2.

Data Collection  process: This studywas  commenced  in September 2019 to December  2019 with a total participationof 127 nursingstudents as respondents. Sets of 22 structured questionnaires and three open-endedquestionnaires were uploadedinto the systemand arranged in accordance to year and group,ranging from Year 1 till Year 3.Selected students had been notified to respond to the questions uploaded. 

A timelinesystem was implemented to each group whereby the distribution of questionnaires was first done to Year One students, followed by Year Two and finally the Year Three students.  Each group was given two weeks to respond to the same questionnaires. Every two weeks data was collected and sorted out into tables and analyzed—the whole data collection processes completed within six weeks.

Data Analysis

Returned questionnaires were checked for completeness, and data were analyzed through  SPSS Version 22. Description of findings was based on the research objectives, emphasizing on theaspectsburnout that transpired the students during the course:

• Turnover:  Intention ofleaving the Nursing Program
• Burnout: Due to Exhaustion, Depersonalization and AccomplishmentOther reasons

The  results were  deliberated  based on the following responses  items ;

• Never
• Over the year 
• To organize the significance of results, the responses items were
• Over the monthwere summarized into two categories:  Never  Or Throughout the year.
• Over the week

RESULTS   

Ethical  Clearance: The study has approval obtained from the UMS FMHS Research  Ethical committee, ref no: UMS/FPSK/6.9/100-6/1/97

Conflicts of Interest: There is no conflict of interest in this study.

Fund for the study: This is self-funded study.

DISCUSSION

Burnout situation experienced by the nursing student was measured through the overall measurement of whether they have experienced it Throughout the yearor Never experienced such a situation. The weighing up of the results was done on three causes of Burnout, namely, Exhaustion, Depersonalization and Accomplishment ¹¹.

The first analysis of the study was the information on Turnover. Turnover in this study means, students intend to leave the diploma in Nursing program. The results were obtained through 2 open-ended questions. We found that 65.40% of nursing students had the intention to leave the program that transpired them throughout the years of study and 62.0% were from the low-income families with an income of less than RM 3000 per month. This group is quite precisely that ourproclamation from the findings envisaged that it is this group of students that is most likely to experience more stress and Burnout. Student nurses that participated in the threat of financial hardship can lead to less study time with more personal focus and lead to worsening the adverse outcomes¹⁰.  With all the above difficulties mentioned, it is understandable students may start to feel uncomfortable with their choice of studies.

The percentage of students who wanted to leave this program was quite obvious,  as students went the higher level, of course,  the desire to leave the program decreases to approximately 50%. The study showed the first year of study was 57% of students wanted to go, followed by 30%   in the second year and  14% in the third year.  Principal reasons for leaving the program were an academic failure, family or personal difficulties, and wrong career choice¹².  However, academic failure was no single contributing factor that was thought to make students leave. There are factors such as communication and operational aspects between the university and clinical areas, feelings of not being valued, unmet expectations resulted in student nurses to leave. They also expressed that these factors were of concern to students and appeared to have a cumulative effect that led them to question whether they should continue their education programme.

We found that there is a unique outcome when a comparison of Turnover of this study with a study conducted on trained nurses with the same motive – intending to leave. The comparison of results showed that the longer the nurses in the workplace, the high percentage of them wanting to leave the job. Recruiting & retaining new nurse grads,  the new nurse grad turnover rates are roughly 30% in the first year of practice, and as high as 57% in the second year ^{9, 10}. The new nurses reported that low job satisfaction associated with heavy workloads, disappointment about scheduling, insufficient time with patients, absence of independent practice, and the lack of intrinsic and extrinsic workplace rewards. Poor relationships with peers, managers, and interprofessional colleagues also lead to dissatisfaction.However, most nurses leave their jobs for many reasons, both voluntary, desire for change or promotion, job dissatisfaction, geographical move, returning to school or leaving the nursing profession for good.

For the analysis on Exhaustion, the results had shown that98% of students claimed they were too exhausted and this makes them feel as if they were breaking down and working with people all day long demanded a great deal of effort especially in the clinical areas. Although as student nurses do not hold the same level of responsibility as qualified staff of heavy workload,  having student status is stressful in itself ¹³. Perhaps that could be the first sign, and the highest predictor of Burnout is emotional Exhaustion. Most nurses know what it is like to be tired, but emotional Exhaustion leaves the feeling wholly drained as a result of the stress of the job.  It added, among students also, they did not show the burnout syndrome. However, they showed high scores on Emotional Exhaustion factors, which may add up to an early indicator of the development of the burnout process and Exhaustion ¹⁵. 

As we know, moststudent nurses spend half of their programme experience in clinical areas, and it is these placement experiences that caused a massive amount of stress, which sometimes can lead to students discontinuing their programme of study. The initialclinical experience was said to be very stressful, and they experienced more anxiety compared with third and fourth-year students. The fear of working with people all day long requires a great deal of effort,  fearof harming patients, the sense of not belonging to the nursing team and of not being fully competent on registration were mentioned as causes of burnout

They also faced the harsh realities of autonomous university life, the difficulties of transitioning in the basic nursing sciences and the daily dilemmas of dealing with critically-ill patients during their routine clinical placements¹³.The clinical posts require them to practice full shift hours for about 6 to 8 weeks, and in specific nursing colleges, students don’t see the long holidays as other students do. Due to the hectic schedule, their input into student life is minimal, which often find nursing students have forgotten by universities, Byrne, G &RuffoniS(2016)².The feeling of Exhaustion, due to their study, made them, especially the new ones began to spend less time at home with family as they start to run shifts during their student’s life. With all the above difficulties mentioned, it is understandable that some of these students may begin to feel uncomfortable with their choice of studies especially if they have the feeling of not coping with the environment and hardiness to survive the coursework. Such sentiments could quickly bring about further an already deadly academic background, which could easily lead to them becoming burnt out ¹⁷ · ‎

The second element of the course of Burnout among the nursing students was Depersonalization. Generally, the word depersonalization is defined as “unfeeling or impersonal response toward recipients of one’s service, care, treatment, or instruction. For example, a nurse experiencing Depersonalization might not be able to be as empathetic or caring toward a patient dealing with treatment, and this is how Burnout happened. The nurses’ attitude towards patients may be harmful or even heartless or unfeeling and sometimes articulating in unprofessional comments directed at colleagues, feeling nothing when a patient dies, or even blaming patients for their problems. In the case of Depersonalization, it is reported that when ones become so exhausted, they tend to detach themselves from their surroundings. Their outlook may be harmful or even calloused, and it can express itself in unprofessional comments directed at colleagues, feeling nothing when a patient dies, or even blaming patients for their problems.In this study, 117 (92.1%) students felt very tired in the morning to face another day at university or in clinical posting and followed by 103 (81.9%) had the impression their colleagues made them responsible for their problems, and this happened throughout the learning year.The feeling of fatigue in every way, people who are emotionally exhausted often feel like they have lost control of their lives they often reported feeling trapped in their situation, whether it is at work or in an outside relationship. This study also has shown that over 50% of students claimed that they were at the end of their classes or clinical posting; they also have become more insensitive to people since they were studying. They were afraidthat the study was making them uncaring ¹⁶.

Nursing students cope with stress in a variety of ways, and many of their coping mechanisms were constructive. However, one of the most common coping mechanisms for the pressures of nursing school leads directly to Burnout: avoidance coping.Avoiding problems is easy. Putting off assignments, leaving things for later, or assuming the future self will take care of everything is easy. Avoidance of coping is the strongest predictor of Burnout in nursing students.  By avoiding problems, students just add to the pile of issues that can potentially leave them in states of distress.What is impressive in this case was, even though students claimed they were too tired and their friends added to the problems, they still respected their friends and patients they cared for and did not consider them asthe objects.  By focusing on the positive outcomes will make us think deep, meaningful motivations, and this helps us insustainingthrough difficult times. The sincere caregiving attitude will make us stronger if we are looking for the silver lining in our career future. The final significant predictor of Burnout is a reduced feeling of Personal Accomplishment. You may not feel that you’re a good nurse or that you make any difference at all in patients’ lives. Nurses working in high-intensity settings, like the ICU or emergency room, may experience this more often as they receive a more significant proportion of cases where little can be done for the patient ¹⁴.

Accomplishment is the last course of Burnout in this study. It has eight elementson intended achievement, and the emphasis was on relationships with peers, the training environment and contentment with the program. Almost all eight aspects received 98.4% excellence. The highest Accomplishment obtained in this study was, the gratitude from students (100%) that they were able to create a calm atmosphere among patients and friends.  Almost all the eight elements found in the aspect of Accomplishment received 98.4% excellence. The highest Accomplishment obtained in this study was, the gratitude from students (100%) that they were able to create a calm atmosphere among patients and friends.  Those findings on the course of Accomplishment were very encouraging.If we look in detail, Nursing Education is education about nobility. Therefore,  it was evident that the results of the Accomplishment received 100%  gratitude from students. The very basic concepts of Nursing education isabout humanity and preserving safety and professionalism.  As for the qualified nurses, they also enrol in continuing education courses that help them gain more profound knowledge of their profession and become better nurses. They do not spend their entire workday locked away and isolated in an office. They work while surrounded by both colleagues and patients, meeting new people each day. They encounter all sorts of individuals, like newborn babies, teenagers with severe illnesses and unique perspectives on life, and elderly patients with end-of-life wisdom, StaffWriters (2020).

CONCLUSION

Burnout experienced due to Exhaustion, 98% of students claimed that they were too exhausted and were flouting down due to the study and working with people all day long demanded a great deal of effort. As for Depersonalization, 92.1% of students felt very tired in the morning to face other days of clinical posting.  However, for the Accomplishment, the highest achievement, 100%of students expressed their gratefulness that they were able to create a calm atmosphere among patients and friends. They were pursuing the program despite the hardships and Burnout due to study, worth the journey. Students in this study(62% ) appeared from low-income families when asked if they had ever felt like leaving the program, 65.4% said ‘No’.  The reluctant to leave the program could be students from the low-income group despite the hardship in life as well as in the study, and they were able to hold on and successfully demonstrated good attitudes to be a nurse. The Nursing institutions of this study is capable of transforminga deprived societyinto good being. To students, pursuing the program despite the glitches worth the fights for upcoming career.

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Citation:

Hamidah H., Mazlinda M., Rosnah M., Azila T., et al. (2020).  Burnout and turnover experience: Behind the noble intention in pursuing the diploma of nursing program  in  a Malaysian institutions of higher learning, ijmaes; 6 (4); 869-882.

Beena Oommen¹, Sapna Koju²

^{1, 2} Associate Professor, ManjunathaCollege of Physiotherapy, Chokkanahalli, Hegdenagar, Bangalore

Mail id: beena2281@gmail.com                                                                                                      

ABSTRACT

Background of the study: Stroke is defined by the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke as sudden loss of neurological function resulting from an interference with blood supply to the brain. This study aims to know the effects of very early mobilization on motor recovery following acute stroke.

Methodology: The study was conducted among 40 subjects with acute stroke patient, with modified Rankin   scale (MRS) ≥2. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups equally. Group A (n=20) were given early mobilization which included motor recovery training for 30 minutes and twice in a day within 24-48hours of hospital admission. Group B (n=20) were also given motor recovery training for 30 minutes, twice in a day but only after 72hours of hospital admission. It was done for 6 weeks. Modified Rankin scale, Motor Assessment scale and National institute of health stroke scale pre score was obtained before the intervention and post score after 6 weeks of intervention for both the groups.

Results: The statistical analysis shows that t-value is 1.286 and p-value is 0.206 for modified Rankin scale p>0.05 is statistically not significant.  For motor assessment scale t-value is 3.760 and p-value is0.001 hence p< 0.05 it is statistically significant.  According to statistical analysis of NIHSS score t-value is 0.931 and p-value is 0.358 with p> 0.05 which is statistically not significant.

Conclusion: There was no significant difference between very early mobilization and mobilization after 72 hours. Sothe study concluded that there may not be helpfulon early mobilization for motor recovery in patient with acute stroke.

Keywords: Stroke, Acute stroke motor recovery, very early mobilization, modified Rankin scale, motor assessment scale, NIHSS.

Received on 25th September 2020, Revised on 16th October 2020, Accepted on 18th November 2020 DOI:10.36678/IJMAES.2020.V06I04.003

INTRODUCTION

Stroke is a leading cause of motor and functional impairments; with 20% of survivors requiring institutional care and 15%-30% being permanently disabled. It affects motor and functional task due to which activities of daily living gets affected. The estimated adjusted prevalence rate of stroke ranges from 84-262/100,000 in rural area and 334-424/100,000 in urban areas. The incidence rate is 119-145/100,000 based on the recent population based studies1-4.

One of the major cause of human morbidity and mortality, it was the sixth leading cause of disability-adjusted year in1990 and is projected to rank fourth by the year 2020.WHO has defined stroke as “a clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (or global in case of coma) disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than vascular origin 5-8. Ischemic stroke is due to cessation of blood supply to the brain and it is the most common type and approximately comprises 87% of the stroke cases. Hemorrhagic stroke is occurs due to rupture of weakened blood vessels in or around the brain tissue9-12.

The effects of stroke can be both physical and mental depend on the site and severity of brain injury. The most common Symptoms of stroke are sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, leg, most often on the one side of the body, inability to move, confusion, dizziness, dysarthria, aphasia, visual field defect or sudden loss or blurring of vision, dysphasia, problem with balance and co-ordination and may be loss of consciousness13-19.

Objectives of the Study are to determine motor recovery in patient with acute stroke, to determine the effect of very early mobilization on motor recovery following acute stroke and to determine the effect of early mobilization in stroke.

METHODOLOGY

This is an experimental study with randomized control trial. The study population was patients with acute stroke and conducted at Florence College of physiotherapy and research center, also from neuro-specialist hospital, 80 feet road, Bangalore. Sampling method used in this study was simple random sampling. Sample size for the study was 40 and with a duration of study 6 weeks.

Inclusion criteria: Type of stroke: ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, Age group: 55-65yrs, Gender: Both male and female, Modified Rankin scale ≤ 2, Acute stroke confirmed on computed tomography scanning, Ability to participate in 30 minutes of physiotherapy sessions.

Exclusion criteria: Early deterioration, Documented palliative treatment, Immediate surgery, Another serious medical illness or unstable coronary condition, No response to voice, Systolic blood pressures lower than 110 mm Hg or higher than220 mm Hg, Oxygen saturation lower than 92% with oxygen supplementation, Resting heart rate of less than 40 beats per min or more than 110 beats per min, Temperature greater than 38·5°C, Aphasia, Cognitive impairment, Severe hemi neglect, Previous history of stroke, Not willing to give consent.

Outcome Measures: Modified Rankin scale, Motor assessment scale, National institute of health stroke scale.

Materials Required: Sphygmomanometer, Pulse Oximetry, Wheelchair, Walker, Splint and braces if needed, Data collection Chart, Consent form.
Permission was taken from the Hospital to carry out the study in acute stroke patient. 40 subjects including both male and female, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, were selected for the study. The information sheet about the study and the consent form were given to the subjects for the approval. Subject’s demographic details such as age, gender, occupation, address, phone number, past history, medical history were documented.

A total of 40 patient aged between 55-65 yrs will be selected out of this 20 patient. Group A received very early mobilization and other half 20 patient. Group B received very early mobilization. They will be mobilized only after 72hrs of onset of acute stroke. Patient was acknowledged about the treatment given and their effect on their activities and prior consent will be taken. Group A, did Very Early Mobilization: The patient will receive early mobilization i.e. mobilization within 24 to 48hr after the onset of acute stroke. It includes active exercise of both upper limb and lower limb followed by side lying, side lying to sitting at edge of bed, standing with and without support, walking and sitting in chair or wheelchair.

Group B, did Mobilization after 72hr received mobilization only after 72hr of onset of acute stroke. This also includes same treatment protocol as group A. i.e. active exercise of both upper limb and lower limb followed by side lying, side lying to sitting at edge of bed, standing with and without support, walking and sitting in chair or wheelchair.

Intervention: Group A (n=20) Very Early Mobilization and the subjects were selected which fulfills inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group A were mobilized within 48hr of onset of stroke. Patient in this group were 1st assessed with the outcome measures i.e. MRS, MAS, NIHSS, then the treatment was started which included were PNF stretching, Passive and active movement to maintain joint integrity and mobility, Bridging, Rolling, Supine to sitting, Sitting with support progressed to sitting without support, Side sitting to check balance of lateral trunk and abductor on one side of body, Sitting to standing supported progressed to unsupported, Standing modified plantigrade, Weight shifting activities transfer weight with feet on the floor, Reach out activities, Walking, with frequency of treatment was once in a day for 6 weeks and duration of training lasted for 30 min per day.

Group B (n=20) mobilization after 72hr. Patients were selected considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patient in this group were mobilized only after 72hr of onset of acute stroke. Group B also firstly assessed with all three outcome measures are MAS, MRS, NIHSS and treatment was done which included same as given for Group A, with frequency of once in a day for 6 weeks, Duration of the training lasted for 30 min per day.

Procedure for measuring Modified Rankin Scale (MRS): Patient were assessed with modified Rankin scale which consists of score 0-5 where 0 is no disability and 5 is severe disability patients were assessed with MRS before starting the treatment and after the treatment at end of 6th week.
Procedure for measuring motor assessment sale (MAS): During this examination patient were assessed with motor assessment scale in which each item scored on scale of 1-6 with 8 areas of motor function. Patient were assessed depending upon their motor behavior scoring from 1-6 in which 1 is with maximum assistant and 6 is without assistant. Scoring was done according to performance. It was done before treatment and at the end of 6th week.

Procedure for measuring NIHSS: NIHSS helped to find the severity of stroke, it have 11 different component where 0 shows no any severity in condition and 3 and more shows increasing in severity in condition so patient were asked to perform task according to their performance scoring was done before treatment and at the end of 6th week.

RESULTS

AGE	GROUP A	GROUP B
55	4	3
56	2	1
57	5	4
58	1	3
59	1	1
60	3	2
61	1	1
62	1	2
63	0	2
64	1	1
65	1	0

Table -1: Distribution of subjects with acute stroke according to age in both the groups

The table 1 shows the proportion of subjects with acute stroke according to the age. The age distribution is given as 55 years to 65 years. 55 age group 4 subjects in group A and 3 subjects in group B, 56 age group, 2 subjects in group A and 1 subject in group B. Likewise, age distribution is given for group A and group B.

Graph -1:  Distribution of subjects with acute stroke according to age in both the groups

Table -2: Distributionof subjects with acute stroke according to gender in both the groups

The table 2 shows the gender distribution in both the groups in subjects with acute stroke. In group A, 9(45%) of subjects were females and 11(55%) of them were males. In group B 10(50%) were females and 10(50%) were males. There was no much variation in between the groups according to gender and it was found to be statistically not significant at 5% level ie., p>0.05. It evidenced that the subjects with acute stroke according to baseline characteristic of gender is homogeneous in both the groups.

The following bar diagram shows the proportion of subjects according to gender

Graph -2: Distribution of subjects with acute stroke according to gender in both the groups

SIDE	GROUP A	GROUP B
LEFT	8	8
RIGHT	12	12

Table -3: Distribution of subjects with acute stroke according to body side in both the groups

The table 3 shows the proportion of subjects with acute stroke according to the body side. In group A, 8 subjects affected in left side and 12 subjects were affected in right side. In group B, 8 subjects affected in left side whereas 12 subjects were affected in right side. So, the given subjects were equally distributed in both the groups in the both the sides.

The following bar diagram shows the proportion of subjects according to the side

Graph –3: Distribution of subjects with acute stroke according to body side in both the groups

Table-4: Comparison of pre and post test MRS scores among subjects with acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups

The above table -4 shows the pre and post test MRS scores among subjects with acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups. The pre test scores of MRS were 1.85± 0.36 and post test was 0.75±0.71 in group A. The pre test scores of MRS were 2.0±0.00 and post test was 1.15±0.58 in group B.

Pre post comparison in MRS shows that the average improvement is 1.1 in group A with the p value 0.00 and in the group B, average improvement is 0.85 with p value 0.00. Any statistical test is said to be significant if P < 0.05. So it can be notice as post comparison group A is also showing significant improvement and group B also shows significant improvement. So, it can be said as group A and group B is showing significant improvement in MRS.

Graph -4: Comparison of pre and post test MRS scores among subjects with acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups

Table-5: Comparison of pre and posttest MAS scores among subjects with acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups

The above table -5 shows the pre and post test MAS scores among subjects with acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups. The pre test scores of MAS were 28.3 and post test was 37.15 in group A. The pre test scores of MAS was 27.1 and post test was 32.35 in group B.

Here, Pre post comparison in MAS shows that the average improvement is 8.85 in group A with the p value 0.00 and in the group B, average improvement is 5.25 with p value 0.00. Any statistical test is said to be significant if (p< 0.05). So, it can be said as group A and group B is showing significant improvement in MAS.

Graph -5: Comparison of pre and post test MAS scores among subjects with Acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups

Table 6: Comparison of pre and post test NIHSS scores among subjects with Acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups

The above table -6 shows the pre and post test NIHSS scores among subjects with acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups. The pretest scores of NIHSS were 7.1 and post test was 2.9 in group A. The pre test scores of NIHSS was 8.7 and posttest was 4.85 in group B.

Here, Pre post comparison in NIHSS shows that the average improvement is 4.2 in group A with the p value 0.00 and in the group B, average improvement is 3.85 with p value 0.00. Any statistical test is said to be significant if (p< 0.05). So, it is concluded that there is a significant improvement in NIHSS in the both of the groups.

Graph -6: Comparison of pre and post test NIHSS scores among subjects with Acute stroke on motor recovery among the groups

Table 7: Comparison of average improvement of the outcome measures among the subjects with acute stroke in between the groups.

The above table-7 represents the comparison of average improvement of the outcome measures among the subjects with acute stroke in between the groups.

In MRS the average improvement is 1.1 in group A and 0.85 in group B with p value 0.206, which was almost similar and statistically not significant (p>0.05). i.e. both the groups have shown the improvement and equally good.

In MAS the average improvement of 8.85 in group A and 5.25 in group B with p value 0.00,which means there is a significant difference in group A and group B (p<0.05). Therefore, as per the value given Group A is highest so comparatively it shows the good improvement.

NIHSS shows the average improvement of 4.2 in group A and 3.85 in group B with p value 0.358, which is almost similar and statistically not significant (p>0.05) i.e. both the groups have shown the equal improvement.

Graph-7: Comparison of average improvement of the outcome measures among the subjects with acute stroke in between the groups.

DISCUSSION

The present study was done to know the effectiveness of very early mobilization on motor recovery following acute stroke. Stroke has been recognized as a common disorder among population. It is a leading cause of motor and functional impairment. Stroke affects motor and functional task due to which activities of daily living gets affected. The effect was evaluated by using MRA, MAS and NIHSS.

This study was  conducted among 40 subjects who were randomly assigned into two groups of each group A(n=20) was given very early mobilization  which include a set of exercise in lying, sitting and standing followed by walking for 30 minutes. Group B (n=20) was mobilized only after 72hr of onset of acute stroke. Both groups were observed for 6 week.

Out of 40 subjects included in the study 9(45%) were female and 11(55%) were male in group A. In group B 10(50%) were female and 10(50%) were male  there was no much variation in between the groups according to gender and it was found to be statistically not significant i.e, it was homogenous in both the groups.

The present study examined the effectiveness of very early mobilization on motor recovery in subject with acute stroke. Pre and post score were evaluated using modified Rankin scale, motor assessment scale and national institute of health science score. Assessment was taken prior to and after the training.

Subject were ranging from 55-65yr, in group A the subject were ranging from 55-65yr with mean and SD 58.3000±2.99297. In group B the subject were ranging from 55-65yr with mean and SD of 58.8500 ± 2.87045. The unpaired t-test was carried to compare the mean which was found to be significant p>0.05. It revealed that the baseline characteristic of age was similar in both the groups.

In the present study Group A very early mobilization shows that pre test modifiedrankin scale mean and SD was 1.8500±.36635. Mean and SD of group B is 2.000±0.000. But in post test group A mean and SD was 7500±.71635. In group B mean and SD is 1.1500±.58714. In comparison to pre and post test group A t-value was 7.678 and p-value is 0.000 i.e P< 0.05 which is statistically significant, this shows that there is significant improvement in motor recovery after acute stroke.

Similarly motor assessment scale (MAS) was also an outcome measure, the MAS shows following statistical values MAS for pre test Group A was mean and SD 28.300±5.56398, post test it was mean and SD 37.15000±7.59692 and group B pre evaluation was mean and SD 27.1000±3.27511 and post evaluation was mean and SD 32.3500±3.97724, t-test and p-test was done to check significance i.e t-value was 10.688 and p-value was 0.000 in group A and in group B t-value was 10.925 and p-value 0.000 here p<0.05 which is statistically significant and shows significant improvement.

NIHSS pre test and post test evaluation score among subjects with acute stroke on motor recovery among the group. The pre test score was 7.1 and post test was 2.9 in group A. the pretest score of NIHSS was 8.7 and post test was 4.85 in group B, here pretest comparison in NIHSS shows that the average improvement is 4.2 in group A with p-value 0.00 and in group B, average improvement is 3.85 with p-value 0.00, any statistical test is said to be significant if p<0.05 so it is concluded that there is a significant improvement in NIHSS in both of the group.

When the comparison of average improvement of the outcome measures among the subject with acute stroke in between group shows, In MRS the average improvement is 1.1 in group A and 0.85 in group B with p value 0.206, which was almost similar and statistically not significant (p>0.05). i.e. both the groups have shown the improvement and equally good.

In MAS the average improvement of 8.85 in group A and 5.25 in group B with p value 0.00,which means there is a significant difference in group A and group B (p<0.05). Therefore, as per the value given Group A is highest so comparatively it shows the good improvement.

NIHSS shows the average improvement of 4.2 in group A and 3.85 in group B with p value 0.358, which is almost similar and statistically not significant (p>0.05) i.e. both the groups have shown the equal improvement.

The study done by Zhumye et al shows similar result  that  early mobilization done to patient with stroke  using  barthel index as outcome measure  with MRS score ≤2  came to a conclusion that further research is required to verify effect of early mobilization in patient with cute stroke ^20,21.

Present study done was also similar to the study done by Torum Askim et al studied to assess motor network changes after ischemic stroke in patient treated with VEM  where MRS was less than 3 before admission using mini mental scale  examination score shows that there is change in neural activity in relation to the motor learning and motor recovery . So there should be further emphasized in early motor training after stroke ^{22, 23}.

Lindely RL et al also did study in very early mobilization after stroke to know efficacy and safety of the very early mobilization in both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke where pt were mobilized within 24-48hr was associated with reduction in complication and in odds of favorable outcome gave a conclusion that VEM is effective in practice ^{24, 25}.

Antje S et al research was also similar to the present study which shows that RCT IN very early mobilization in patient with acute stroke has shown improvement in neurological functioning and motor recovery they also had used NIHSS scale to evaluate the improvement in subject ²⁶.

The present study shows that it is statistically not significant so generates an alternative hypothesis i.e very early mobilization on motor recovery after stroke may not shows any improvement during study which is similar to study done by Yelnik P et al that very early active mobility after stroke where patient with acute stroke receives intensive physiotherapy for 45min daily and after study they found that VEM after stroke may not be efficient in impressing motor control ²⁷.

 Another study by stott D et al did a pilot RCT  in which they found that stroke patient if receive good care in initial days  they are more likely to make good recovery  and those who receive early mobilization can  be benefited and they achieve walking soon without immobilization complication ²⁸.

Above study proves that there may be or may not be an improvement in motor recovery in subjects with acute stroke. While comparison of  pre test and post test   for motor recovery  in acute stroke between the group  the pre test score  of (MRS) modified  rankin scale  t-value 1.286 and p-value 2.06  i.e P> 0.05 which is statistically not significant.  (MAS) motor assessment scale  when compared between the group showed t-value 3.760 and p- value 0.01 which  is statistically significant  that  there was  improvement in motor assessment scale in patient with acute stroke. T-value and p- value for NIHSS scale improvement was evaluated where t-value was 0.931 and p-value 0.358, i.e. P> 0.05 which is statistically not significant.

Ethical Clearance: Ethical clearance has obtained from Florence College of Physiotherapy, Bangalore to conduct this study with reference number: FCP/IRB/85,Dated 20/04/2017.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that there is no competing interest on conduct of this study and in publishing this article.

Fund for the study: This is self-funded study.

Limitation of study: Sample of the study was limited to a group of 55 to 65 years. Individual learning ability, motivation and cognitive process acts as confounding factors hence may have affected the results. Duration for which the flexibility was maintained post intervention was not studied.

Suggestions & further recommendations: Long-term study can be done. Special attention can be done for the follow–up. Only 40 subjects were obtained. The sample size was small; hence effect seen cannot be generalized.

CONCLUSION

The result of the present study showed that there was no significant difference in the effect of VEM on motor recovery following acute stroke and patient mobilized after 72hrsof onset of stroke. Hence the study accepts null hypothesis and rejects alternate hypothesis.  It is concluded that very early mobilization may or may not be helpful for motor recovery in patient with acute stroke.

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Citation:

Beena Oommen, Sapna Koju (2020). Effects of very early mobilization on motor recovery following acute stroke- A randomized control trial, ijmaes; 6 (4); 854-868.

Ochala Ejura Jennifer¹, Rauf Ibrahim²,Samsiah Mat³, Syed Ali Gulab Jan⁴

Authors

¹Graduate, School of Nursing, MAHSA University, Malaysia, Senior Nursing Officer, Federal Medical Centre Abuja, Nigeria, West Africa,

Email: ejujennifer@yahoo.com

²Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria, West Africa.

Email id: rauf.ibrahim@uniabuja.edu.ng

⁴Professor, M.N.R. College of Nursing, Narsapur Road, Fasalwadi, Sangareddy, Telengana, India

Corresponding Author           

³Associate Pofessor, School of Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia

Email Id: samsiah7381@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Nigeria is the 4^th highest contributor to global maternal mortality; many postpartum mothers do not initiate contraceptives early and are at increased risk of unplanned pregnancy and abortion. Understanding the barriers is thus vital. This cross-sectional quantitative study carried out at a tertiary hospital in Abuja to determine the contraceptive practice level, identify barriers to use among mothers with infants less than 12 months.

Methodology: Questionnaires were administered on 220 consenting mothers; data analyzed using SPSS software version 25. Descriptive analysis included frequencies and percentages, the inferential statistical techniques used are binary logistic regression to establish the relationship between variables — the p-value set at 5% level, thus p<0.05 is termed significant.

Results: 200 questionnaires were retrieved; the mean age of the respondents was 31; most had tertiary level education, were in monogamous union and Christians. Over-half is within 3months postpartum and desired to have below four children. The commonly used methods are the condom, IUD, pills and implant. 48% are currently on a method, and 1% less have good contraceptive practice. Identified barriers are personal information and health system barriers. Barriers associated with the health system found to impact on the use of contraceptives (p=0.028). Contraceptive use was dependent on respondent’s religion (p=0.050) and child’s age (p=0.038).

Conclusion: Contraceptive practice level of respondents is less than average and child’s age and religion determined it, the mothers are indifferent on personal information and family/cultural barriers, but concerned on health system barriers. Tackling health system barriers in the postpartum period through early education, counseling, opening and equipping more family planning clinics and health facilities can improve contraceptive use.

Keywords: Contraceptive practice, Barriers, Postpartum mothers

Received on 25th September 2020, Revised on 16th October  2020, Accepted on 18th  November 2020

DOI:10.36678/IJMAES.2020.V06I04.002

INTRODUCTION

Family planning involves a conscious decision by persons in the reproductive age group to control space or limit childbirth. Globally, the challenge associated with high birth rate is enormous. International reports show that 190 million women of reproductive age do not want to get pregnant yet do not employ any modern contraceptive method. Meeting the Sustainable development goal (SDG) 3.1 and 3.7 of reducing maternal mortality and increasing proportion of women with satisfied contraceptive need plus increased access to reproductive health service might be a mirage with non-use of contraceptives ^{1, 2} .

Increased access to contraceptives in the post-delivery period can increase the gains of reduced maternal mortality, unintended pregnancies, associated induced abortions and the proportion of high-risk pregnancies. It is also capable of reducing the already heightened pressure on Nigeria’s resource and produce direct benefit on social, health and financial investment ^3,4,5.

The estimates (2000-2017) shows Nigeria is the 4^th highest contributor to maternal mortality rate (MMR) in the world after Sierra Leone, Chad and Sudan at 917 per 100,000 live births and has witnessed a marginal 24% change in MMR between 2000 and 2017; this reflects the quality of maternal and child care provided ^{6, 7}.

 The Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria set 2014-2018 as the period to double the contraceptive prevalence to 36%. There appeared marginal increase in the west (Lagos) and north (Kaduna) howbeit only 15.6% of women within 15-49 years use any method of contraception, 23% of women in the north central zone have an inter-pregnancy interval of less than 23months, yet 23% do not want to have more children ^{8,9, 10}.

Moreover, research done in Abuja revealed contraceptive use among women is below average (38-42%) whereas there are reports of unintended pregnancy (16%) with 80% having misconception and fears about the modern methods^4,11,12.  There appear a widespread fear of side-effects, misconception and social restriction regarding contraceptive use among women. They desire to make a rational decision about family size and timing of pregnancy, however, are constrained by lack of spousal consent, cultural, religious and educational inhibition ^{13, 14}.

Thus, the need to investigate and delineate contraceptive practice level and barriers associated with input from the mothers in a health facility that offers this service in Abuja. This study aims to investigate the contraceptive practices, specific barriers to utilization of contraceptives among women within 12months after delivery.

METHODOLOGY

This study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study to evaluate the practices, barriers, to contraceptive use among mothers attending the immunization clinic of the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital (UATH), Gwagwalada. The accessible population is about 1,960 Nigerian mothers 18-49 years with an infant below 12months attending the immunization clinic of UATH, based on the average yearly register of the clinic.

The sample size determined used formula ¹⁵ for a single proportion

The contraceptive prevalence rate of 15% obtained from the Nigerian national demographic health surveywas used to obtain the sample size for the study (196). Additional 10% of the calculated size added to take care of non-response, bringing the total sample to 220 mothers ¹⁰.

The systematic sampling method was applied to draw a representative random sample. The immunization register served as the sample frame for every 9^th mother. Subjects comprise women within 18-49 years with infants below 12months who gives consent and is willing to participate in the study. The study had a 90% return rate from 200 properly filed and returned questionnaires.

A structured questionnaire pretested and validated with reliability determined at Cronbach’s alpha 0.79 elicited responses on demographic variables, reproductive history, current and past contraceptive practice, barriers to use. The tool had a total of 48 items in 4 sections. The data collection was by self-administered questionnaire method by the researcher with the help of 1 trained assistant for one month.

After data cleaning, sorting and coding, the analysis was by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression to establish the relationship between variables with the p-value set at 5% level, thus p<0.05 is termed significant.

Ethical approval obtained from the review board of the UATH, the participants were educated, giving assurances of anonymity and confidentiality of their response and required to tick the consent form indicating consent for the study

RESULTS

Table 1 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the 200 respondents; the mothers had a mean age of 31.12. Two-third of the mothers (67.5%) were within the ages of 28-37years, many of the respondents were in a monogamous marriage (89.9%) above two-third had tertiary level of education (67.8%), while about 41% of the mothers were self-employed. 71.4% were Christians and over a quarter (28.6%) were Muslims.

Reproductive History of the Mothers attending UATH Abuja

Figure 1 presents the reproductive history of the subjects. A majority (83.5%) have been pregnant between below four times while 17% have had above five pregnancies.  About two-fifth (n=82) reported having a history of abortion, while four-fifth (81.7%) have had 1-2 abortions, and above half of the infant (53.3%) were 1-3months old, more than half (58.8%) of the subjects had 1-2 children while 6% had above 5.

On the number of children desired by the women, about two-third wanted 3-4 children, 27.5% desired above 5, whereas one-third (33.5%) reported their husbands desired above five children. One-fourth (25%) of the subject does not want to have more children while 34.5% would wait for two years after last delivery to have another child, close to two-thirds of the subjects gave an ideal inter-pregnancy interval.

Over half of the respondents (52.5%) indicated that they had not resumed their menstrual cycle after the last delivery while 73.5% have commenced sexual activity after last delivery, of which more than half (58.5%) commenced 1-2 months after delivery.

The analysis on table 4 revealed 70.5% (n=141) of the respondents had used a form of contraception in the past, over half (56%) used the method about one year whereas 51% did not use it between all pregnancies. Of the 200 mothers, less than half 48% are currently using a method of contraception.

Of the 96 mothers currently using a method over one-third (34.4%) are using a condom, 16.7% use IUD, while 13.5% practice calendar/safe period. Almost half of the mothers (49%) started their method of contraception within 2months of delivery, three-fifth (60.4%) are consistent with practice while more than half (55.2%) consistently breastfeed to prevent pregnancy. Less than half of the mothers (47%) classified as having a good level of practice following analysis of their reported practice while over half (53%) have a poor level of practice.

Binary Logistic Regression Model showing association between contraceptive practice level with socio-demographic characteristics of mothers attending UATH

The Wald statistic has chi-square distribution which is significant at p<0.05. Therefore, any predictor variable that has p-value less than 0.05 is significant. Looking at the equation, it showed that the predictors except for religion are all not significantly predicting contraceptive practices among mothers in UATH since its p-value exceeded the 5% level of significance.

Only the predictor Respondent Religion of Muslim and Christian had a significant impact on contraceptive practices among mothers in UATH with p-value of 0.050. However, since the Respondents religion is significantly impacting on the use of contraceptives by women, the Exp (B) or the Odd ratio will be meaningful, implying that the Christian mothers have odds of using contraceptives that are 2.119 of the odds of the Muslims mothers. It means that the Christian respondents are more likely than Muslim mothers to use contraceptives since the Odd ratio of 2.119 is greater than 1 (2.119>1).

Consequently, rejecting the assertion there was no significant relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and their use of contraceptive.

Binary Logistic Regression Model showing the relationship between Contraceptive practice level and some reproductive characteristics of mothers attending UATH Abuja

The Wald statistics results provided an index of the significance of each predictor variable in the equation. Wald statistics have chi-square distribution which is significant at p<0.05. Therefore, any predictor variable that has p-value less than 0.05 is significant. The equation showed that the only the predictor “age of the child” that has a significant impact on CP since the p-value of 0.038 is less than 0.05. Hence, one can conclude by saying that the age of the child is responsible for the use of contraceptives by mothers attending UATH.

All other variables are all not significantly predicting CP among mothers in UATH since its p-value is higher than 5% level of significance. However, History of Miscarriage/Abortion, Number of Missed abortions and Desires children by the wife are statistically significant at 0.1 (10% level of significance) since there p-value is less than 0.1. 

Consequently, the assertion that there is no significant relationship between the reproductive characteristics of mothers and the use of contraceptive is not accepted.

As seen from the percentage table above, one-fifth (21.5%) of the respondents agree that information provided in the clinic on contraceptives in the hospital is hard to follow, half (50%) indicated contraceptives disturbs their sexual life, two-third (66%) are concerned about side- effects, the experience of friends influenced nearly half. In contrast, over two-fifth (42%) are not.

From the sectional mean on the variable “Personal information barrier” (PIB) obtained is 3.04 (Neutral), this strongly suggests that the respondents are somewhat indifferent about the challenges associated with personal information on contraceptive use and practices.

Furthermore, on the barriers associated with family and cultural factors, over half (57.5%) of the mothers reported their husband takes contraceptive decisions, more than one-third (35%) do not get financial support from the husband. In comparison, 23.5% and 24.5% indicated they do not have cultural and religious support to use contraceptives. The sectional of 2.62 (neutral) suggest that the respondents are indecisive. Thus, making the barriers from family and culture are not too much a determinant of contraceptive use or practices.

However, 16% indicated preferred method was not always available; one-tenth (10%) could not afford preferred choice, family planning clinic was not accessible 15% subjects, and 28.5% cannot access alternative contraceptive choices. The sectional mean obtained from the variable “Health system barrier” (HSB) is 3.71 (Agree), implying that barriers associated with the health system strongly impact on the use of contraceptives by the respondents.

The analysis showed that logistic regression was significant (X²=7.698, df=3, p=0.053); this implies that PB, FCB, and HSB influenced the contraceptive practices (CP) at 5% level of significance. Nagelkerke R Square result revealed that 50% (0.500) of the variability in the contraceptive practices that was explained by PB, FCB, and The results in the model summary showed that the predictors used to predict contraceptive use by mothers are effective.  Also, the result of the overall percentage accuracy value of 70.4% exceeded the standard limit of 56.6%, which implies that the logistic regression model was instrumental in the explanation of the CP and factors influencing it. 

The Wald statistics results provided an index of the significance of each predictor variable in the equation. Wald statistic has chi-square distribution which is significant at p<0.05. The results showed that only HSB (X²=5.658, p<0.028), significantly predicted the CP. Other predictor variables in the model did not contribute significantly to CP (p>0.05), thereby rejecting the hypothesis.

DISCUSSION

The results showed that over 80% of the respondents were in the 23-37 age groups and had a mean age of 31, a standard deviation of 4.849. This result is similar to previous studies and another covering six states in the south of Nigeria^{12, 11, 16, 17}. Reproductive activity is highest in this group with the heightened expectation for contraceptive usage ¹⁸.However, the mean age of respondents in Sudan appeared higher compared with lower age reported in this study ¹⁹.

There were more Christians (71.4%) in monogamous marriages (89.9%), over two-thirds (67.8%) had tertiary level of education whereas two-fifth are self-employed. The higher mean age and level of education shows more women are taking to education, thus delaying the age childbearing. Mothers in this study have a higher level of education compared to findings in various parts of Nigeria ^{20, 17,21}. It confirms the rising educational attainment of women in the country as seen in the demographic health survey ¹⁰ .

Most mothers (94%) had below four children; this is higher compared to 59% in the Southeast but lower compared to 57.8% with above five children in Northwest Nigeria^17,16 .The mean number of children is also lower compared to that obtained in Kenya and Malawi^22,23 .The mean parity in this study is lower than the national total fertility rate of 5.5, and that of the north central zone of 5.3 signifying a downward reduction in childbirth in the zone ¹⁰.

The parity of the respondents seems to correspond with their desired number of children; this is a welcomed development when women begin to adopt a way of “living” and “thinking” that supports responsible decisions to promote their health and wellbeing. On the other hand, they might not have reached the saturation point to want to stop childbearing, thus providing evidence of contraceptive need.

While more than half of the respondents (52.5%) indicated that they had not resumed their menstrual cycle after the last delivery, 73.5% indicated they had started the sexual activity. The finding appears higher compared to 67.9% who resumed in 8 weeks in Kano-Nigeria, 65.1% in Ethiopia after two weeks but lower compared with 80% resuming in 2-3months without contraceptives in Malawi ^21,22,24 .

Over half of the mothers are below three months postpartum, above half gave an ideal inter-pregnancy interval with a quarter have no intention for future childbirth while 61% wish to space for above 2years. The real need for contraception is for those who have no future intention and those needing to delay pregnancy.

Moreover, of 82 (41%), mothers with a history of abortion, almost two-third (61%) have had one abortion, nearly two-fifth (39%) reported 2-3 incidences, this finding is higher compared to a study where 24% had an unintended pregnancy, and 19.2% had a history of abortion ²⁵. There is evidence of contraceptive usage gap. The implication is the increased pregnancy and abortion risk; this confirms the 16% cases of unwanted pregnancy reported in the same center is yet to receive the needed attention, and the figure is rising ⁴.

The analysis of results revealed that below half current users (47%) had right contraceptive practice level compared to above average (53%) with poor practice. Findings indicated that less than half the mothers (n=96, 48%) currently apply a method although almost three-quarter (n=141, 70.5%) have used a method of contraception in the past.  This result is similar to that in Ethiopia and Ghana ^{14, 26} but higher compared to findings (45.8%) of Berta et al ²⁴, howbeit one study in South-western Nigeria report higher percentage ²⁰. This study’s subjects with good practice level contrast with 11% two reportedas only 22.9% are current users. Consistent contraceptive use complemented by exclusive breastfeeding increases practice level, benefits the mother, baby, family and the community ^{6, 25}.

This research’s practice level (47%) is higher than the national average of 15% this could be explained by the setting; facility-based, urban-setting which might influence the use or intention to use a contraceptive. Observation during the period of the study showed that more women visited the family planning clinic after filling the questionnaire; the study served as a source of information and reminder for those who had forgotten.

The most common method used by the respondents is the condom (34.4%), though 42.7% use a modern method; one-fifth of the mothers use the natural method. The commonly used modern methods are IUD, oral pills and implants. Close to half of the mothers confirmed the use of condoms by their husbands which corresponds with the mother’s method (condom), a good observation that the men are participating in family planning. Attention should be paid proper use for maximum dual benefit. Some authors corroborate the results and that more women use the condom ^{17, 20}.

The logistic regression analysis for contraceptive practice and all the social-demographic characteristics of the mothers was not significant, except for the respondent’s religion. This finding is consistent with studies in the north and west of Nigeria where religion, marriage and ethnicity showed association with contraceptive use^{16, 20}.

 It is noteworthy that only 18.6% of the cumulative reproductive characteristics of the mothers’ contraceptive use/practice. Only the predictor “child’s age” had a significant impact on contraceptive practices among mothers in UATH (p=0.038). One-fourth with infants less than six months are current users, more (37.7%) are not. It is conspicuous that those with younger children use long-acting reversible contraceptive and four mothers had a bilateral tubal ligation. These methods offer the highest protection against unplanned pregnancy in addition to reduced menstrual bleed and cancer protection.

On the other hand, history of Miscarriage/Abortion, Number of Missed abortions and desired children by the wife are statistically significant at 0.1 (10% level of significance). 

Children desired by wife had a significant relationship with contraceptive use (x²=3.370, p<=0.066). More mothers have an average of 3 children and most (with their husbands) desire 3-4 children, this contrast with a Malawian study with more women desiring more than five children ²². A study in Nigeria confirms the independence of parity with use; a decline in fertility could be responsible for the trend. The desire for fewer children in this study shows an unprecedented decline from the previous findings 5.7 between 2003-2008, 5.5 in 2014 (5.3 in Abuja) ¹⁰.

Comparatively, history and number of abortions revealed a statistical relationship with contraceptive use (p=0.067 and p=0.095) Signifying as the history of abortion increased, a corresponding increase in the number of abortions and contraceptive usage occurs. Howbeit, over one-third mothers with a history of abortion are current users. Women do not have to experience an abortion before adopting contraceptives.

Two-third (66%) of the respondents confirmed they had fear concerning side-effects, about half agreed to been influenced by experiences of friends and neighbors. Fear of side-effects, as reported in literature across Nigeria, ranged from 14.6% in Western to 50.3% in the South and 58.8% in the Northern region^16,17,20.On the contrary, this population expressed more fears and a better understanding of contraceptives compared to those references above. About 43%respondents in Ethiopia indicated fear of side-effects prevent their use of contraceptives, but a more recent study in Ethiopia presented lower results 24% and 34.6% in Egypt ²⁴.

Concerns about side-effects could be related to contraceptive knowledge, level of education and understanding of the information given by the healthcare practitioner. Albeit 71% affirmed they understood contraceptive information given at the clinic. A study reported the opposite; the subjects had a less contraceptive phobia. The mothers have a higher level of education but seem to be more apprehensive using contraceptives ¹⁴.

About two-third pinpoint, the decisions are taken solely by their husbands; over a third had financial support for its use while 21.5% of family members do not support contraceptive use. In like manner, 33.3% of participants in Abakalike, ¹⁷24% in Ethiopia, ²⁴ 25% in Sudan ¹⁹ indicated a lack of spousal consent as a barrier. Howbeit 81.9% of respondents in Ghana got financial support from their husbands, while 5.2% think the contraceptive decision should lie with the husband.^[26]Though three-quarter of the mothers reported they could afford contraceptives, one-third are not empowered (unemployed, house-wife and student), when the husbands do not finance contraceptive use, it is a subtle barrier that is downplayed by the respondents.

Over one-fifth and 26.5% of the mothers agree that their culture and religion prohibit the use of contraceptives and religion determined (p=0.050) contraceptive use results are close to this study with 18% and 15% having cultural and religious barriers. However, a higher report 39% and 50.6% have reported for the socio-cultural and religious barrier. Impliedly, religion, community, and cultural affiliations determine the reproductive activity of mothers.

The majority (96%) think the HSB was not strong enough to prevent the use of contraceptive. Unavailability of choice with having to return for refill by of the participants is a significant constraint. Same was reported in a facility-based study, while adding information gap and provider attitude as a challenge. Though health providers may give required information during health talk, the ability to elicit responses about clarity may be a crucial factor preventing uptake. Some participants identified problems of having to interact with the source of information, the pattern of presentation and health literacy as a hindrance¹³. Therefore, it is not surprising as this study population were reluctant in identifying health professionals as a barrier been that the researcher is one of them. 

In summary, the respondents appear indifferent about the challenges associated with personal information on contraceptive use and practices. The sectional mean reflected as neutral (3.04), while the mothers appeared undeceive regarding family/cultural factors (2.62).  However, the sectional mean obtained from the variable “Health system barrier” is 3.71 (Agree), implying that barriers associated with health system strongly impacts and determine the use of contraceptives by the respondents. Report of many authors confirms this finding ^{13, 26}. To conclude, the regression analysis confirmed HSB strongly determine contraceptive use (X²=5.658, p<0.028).Other predictor variables in the model did not contribute significantly to CP (p>0.05), thereby rejecting the hypothesis.

Ethical Clearance: Ethical clearance has obtained from University of Abuja, Teaching hospital, Nigeria, West Africa, to conduct this study with reference number: UATH/HREC/PR/2019/005,Dated 20/08/2019.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that there is no competing interest on conduct of this study and in publishing this article.

Fund for the study: This is self-funded study.

CONCLUSION

This research has shown that 48% (96) of the women are currently using a form of family planning out of which only 41.7% use modern contraceptives and 19.1% follow the natural method. The most common method used by women is the condom.

Majority of the mothers reported being concerned about side-effects but were not bothered by the concerns of family and neighbors; they confirmed understanding and knowledge of contraceptive education given in the hospital. The mothers were indifferent on personal information barriers; howbeit, the health system strongly impact on the use of contraceptives by the respondents.

The contraceptive practice is not dependent on any of the social characteristics of the mothers except for religion; Child’s-age predicted contraceptive use; an important feature is that women with younger children use long-acting contraceptives. Therefore, encouraging women early in postpartum will likely produce more compliant contraceptive users.

Practice Implications

Healthcare providers have to provide contraceptive education at every contact with all women of reproductive age. Nurses must avoid judging the level of contraceptive knowledge based on the educational attainment of their client. Nurses must elicit the method-specific knowledge from each client during counseling in order to give accurate information, dispel misconception and advice on how to seek help for side effects. To achieve this, health workers must take part in training and retraining to remain competent providers.

The reduced fertility desires recorded in this study is a welcomed development, effort must be intensified on the part of the government and health providers to sustain it with more facilities for family planning and trained staff.

Limitations of the study: The researcher observed the following limitations to the study:

This study set does not allow sampling of more indigenous mothers in the city. The researcher recommends future study with a larger sample from various settings to increase its generalizability.

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Citation:

Ochala Ejura Jennifer, Rauf Ibrahim, Samsiah Mat, Syed Ali Gulab Jan (2020). Postpartum contraceptive practice and barriers to its use among mothers from a tertiary hospital in Abuja, Nigeria , ijmaes; 6 (4); 836-853.

Sathya  P¹,  Shivani Arun Tamboli²

Author:

²BPT Intern, School of Physiotherapy, D.Y.Patil, Deemed to be University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Corresponding  Author :

¹Associate Professor, School of Physiotherapy, D.Y.Patil, Deemed to be University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India , Mail id: drsathyagp@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Text neck syndrome refers to overuse syndrome or repetitive stress injury, in which you have your head hung forward or down looking at your mobile or any other electronic device for a longer period of time. This eventually leads to tightness of the shoulder muscles and soreness in the neck muscles or even chronic headaches. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of text neck syndrome in young adult population using Neck Disability Index (NDI) questionnaire.

Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 Physiotherapy students of the age group from 18 to 25 years from D.Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai. Demographic data was collected and the students were asked to fill the Neck Disability Index questionnaire and the data was further analysed to check which gender and age group was affected the most.

Results: Females were most affected with 80% and the age group which was most affected was 22 years (34%).

Conclusion: This study concluded that prevalence of text neck syndrome is 32%. The major component affected according to neck disability index out of all the components is headache followed by sleeping, concentration and reading.

Keywords: Text neck syndrome, Neck Disability Index, stress injury, soreness, neck muscles

Received on 8th May 2020, Revised on 22nd May 2020, Accepted on 29th May 2020

DOI:10.36678/ijmaes.2020.v06i02.004

Jomi John¹, Jince Augustine²

Author:

¹Jomi John, MPT Musculoskeletal and Sports-student, CPAS School of Medical Education, Gandhinagar, Kottayam, Kerala, India, Mail id: jomijohn333@gmail.com

Co Author:

²Associate Professor of Physiotherapy, CPAS School of Medical Education, Gandhinagar, Kottayam, Kerala, India

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives: Plantar fasciitis is a commonly confronted orthopedic problem due to inflammation of the plantar fascia and the perifascial structures. The literature attributes plantar fasciitis is due to pathologic biomechanics such as excessive pronation, high arched foot, windlass mechanism and low back disabilities. Current evidences suggest that faulty biomechanics that lead to plantar fasciitis may be started from gluteal muscles weakness. The purpose of the study is to find out the effectiveness of gluteal muscles strengthening exercises to reduce pain and improve lower limb function in patients with plantar fasciitis.

Methods: 30 subjects those satisfying the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Subjects were then allocated to two groups- Group A (control group) and Group B (experimental group), 15 in each group. Subjects in group A received conventional treatment and subjects in group B received experimental treatment of gluteal muscle strengthening exercises with conventional stretching exercise. Pain was measured using Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and lower limb functions was measured using Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT).

Results: The post test score of SEBT and NPRS of control and experimental group were analysed using two sample t test and paired t test. The data analysis showed statistically significance difference in the post test scores of SEBT and NPRS of experimental group over control group at 5% level.

Conclusion: This study concluded that gluteal muscles strengthening exercises helps in improving lower limb function and reduction in pain in patients with plantar fasciitis.

Keywords: Plantar fasciitis, Gluteal muscles, Star Excursion Balance Test, Numeric Pain Rating Scale

Received on 8th May 2020, Revised on 22nd May 2020, Accepted on 29th May 2020

DOI:10.36678/ijmaes.2020.v06i02.003